1、RTTInode
Run-time type information (RTTI) is a mechanism that allows the type of an object to be determined during program execution.
ios
There are three main C++ language elements to run-time type information:express
The dynamic_cast operator. 编程
Used for conversion of polymorphic types. 安全
The typeid operator. ide
Used for identifying the exact type of an object.函数
The type_info class. spa
Used to hold the type information returned by the typeid operator. orm
class type_info {
public:
对象
virtual ~type_info();private:
bool operator==(const type_info& rhs) const;
bool operator!=(const type_info& rhs) const;
int before(const type_info& rhs) const;
const char* name() const;
const char* raw_name() const;
void *_m_data;};
char _m_d_name[1];
type_info(const type_info& rhs);
type_info& operator=(const type_info& rhs);
static const char _Name_base(const type_info *,__type_info_node* __ptype_info_node);
The result of typeid is a const type_info&. The value is a reference to a type_info object that represents either the type-id or the type of the expression, depending on which form of typeid is used.
为了支持RTTI,为每个多态类建立一个type_info 对象(静态数据区),并把其地址保存到vtable中的固定位置(通常为第一个位置)(取决于具体编译器实现,标准并无规定)。
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#include <iostream> using namespace std; class Shape { public: virtual void Draw() = 0; virtual ~Shape() {} }; class Circle : public Shape { public: void Draw() { cout << "Circle Draw ..." << endl; } }; class Square : public Shape { public: void Draw() { cout << "Square Draw ..." << endl; } }; int main(void) { Shape *p; Circle c; p = &c; p->Draw(); //使用dynamic_cast 的条件 //一、开启运行时类型信息;二、应用在具备多态关系的继承体系上; if (dynamic_cast<Circle *>(p)) { cout << "p is point to a Circle object" << endl; Circle *cp = dynamic_cast<Circle *>(p); // 安全向下转型 cp->Draw(); //效率没有 p->Draw(); 高 } else if (dynamic_cast<Square *>(p)) { cout << "p is point to a Square object" << endl; } else { cout << "p is point to a Other object" << endl; } cout << typeid(*p).name() << endl; cout << typeid(Circle).name() << endl; if (typeid(Circle).name() == typeid(*p).name()) { cout << "p is point to a Circle object" << endl; ((Circle *)p)->Draw(); } else if (typeid(Square).name() == typeid(*p).name()) { cout << "p is point to a Circle object" << endl; ((Square *)p)->Draw(); } else { cout << "p is point to a Other object" << endl; } return 0; } |
如上所述,dynamic_cast 和 typeid 操做符 均可以实现运行时类型识别。其中使用dynamic_cast 时须要开启运行时类型信息,在项目-》属性-》C/C++-》语言-》启用运行时类型信息。在使用typeid时须要注意的是返回的是type_info 对象的引用,且type_info 类的拷贝构造函数和赋值运算符都声明为私有,故不能这样写: type_info tf = typeid(Circle);
2、类与类之间的关系
Unified Modeling Language (UML)又称统一建模语言或标准建模语言,是始于1997年一个OMG标准,它是一个支持模型化和软件系统开发的图形化语言。
一、继承(泛化)Generalization
Manager 继承自Employee.
二、关联 Association,单向关联 DirectedAssociation
Order 做为Customer 的成员,如vector<Order> orders ;
三、聚合 Aggregation
class B
class A
{
public:
B* b_;
};
当A释放时,不负责B的释放,也许B是被共享的。
四、组合 Composition
当Company 释放时要负责Department 的释放,Department 不是共享的。
五、依赖 Dependency
类A依赖于B:
从语义上来上是A use B,偶然的,临时的
B做为A的成员函数参数
B做为A的成员函数的局部变量
A的成员函数调用B的静态方法
比较5种关系:
继承体现的是类与类之间的纵向关系,其余4种体现的是类与类之间的横向关系。
关联强弱
依赖<关联<聚合<组合继承(A is B)
参考:
C++ primer 第四版 Effective C++ 3rd C++编程规范