请求参数能够经过params获取,params是一个hash对象,包括GET、POST、PUT参数,以及路径字符串中的任何命名参数:git
get :public_timeline do Status.order(params[:sort_by]) end
Parameters are automatically populated from the request body on POST and PUT for form input, JSON and XML content-types.
请求:正则表达式
curl -d '{"text": "140 characters"}' 'http://localhost:9292/statuses' -H Content-Type:application/json -v
Grape中:json
post '/statuses' do Status.create!(text: params[:text]) end
多部分的POSTs和PUTs也是支持的。
请求:数组
curl --form image_file='@image.jpg;type=image/jpg' http://localhost:9292/upload
Grape中:app
post 'upload' do # file in params[:image_file] end
在如下任何一个或两个有冲突时:less
Grape只容许访问在params块中声明的变量,它过滤掉传递过来可是不容许访问的变量,请看下面的API:dom
format :json post 'users/signup' do { 'declared_params' => declared(params) } end
若是咱们没有指定任何参数,declared会返回一个空的Hashie::Mash实例。
请求:curl
curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" localhost:9292/users/signup -d '{"user": {"first_name":"first name", "last_name": "last name"}}'
应答:ide
{ "declared_params": {} }
一旦咱们添加了参数requirements,Grape仅返回声明的参数:post
format :json params do requires :user, type: Hash do requires :first_name, type: String requires :last_name, type: String end end post 'users/signup' do { 'declared_params' => declared(params) } end
请求:
curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" localhost:9292/users/signup -d '{"user": {"first_name":"first name", "last_name": "last name", "random": "never shown"}}'
应答:
{ "declared_params": { "user": { "first_name": "first name", "last_name": "last name" } } }
返回的hash是Hashie::Mash实例,容许你使用.访问参数:
declared(params).user == declared(params)['user']
The #declared method is not available to before filters, as those are evaluated prior to parameter coercion.
默认的,declared(params)包含了在父命名空间中声明的参数,若是你只向返回当前命名空间的参数,能够把include_parent_namespaces选项设置为false。
format :json namespace :parent do params do requires :parent_name, type: String end namespace ':parent_name' do params do requires :child_name, type: String end get ':child_name' do { 'without_parent_namespaces' => declared(params, include_parent_namespaces: false), 'with_parent_namespaces' => declared(params, include_parent_namespaces: true), } end end end
请求:
curl -X GET -H "Content-Type: application/json" localhost:9292/parent/foo/bar
应答:
{ "without_parent_namespaces": { "child_name": "bar" }, "with_parent_namespaces": { "parent_name": "foo", "child_name": "bar" }, }
默认的,declared(params)包含值为nil的参数,若是你只想返回值为非nil的参数,你可使用include_missing 选项。该选项默认为true,看下下面的API:
format :json params do requires :first_name, type: String optional :last_name, type: String end post 'users/signup' do { 'declared_params' => declared(params, include_missing: false) } end
请求:
curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" localhost:9292/users/signup -d '{"user": {"first_name":"first name", "random": "never shown"}}'
include_missing:false时:
{ "declared_params": { "user": { "first_name": "first name" } } }
include_missing:true时:
{ "declared_params": { "first_name": "first name", "last_name": null } }
在嵌套的hash中也会生效:
format :json params do requires :user, type: Hash do requires :first_name, type: String optional :last_name, type: String requires :address, type: Hash do requires :city, type: String optional :region, type: String end end end post 'users/signup' do { 'declared_params' => declared(params, include_missing: false) } end
请求:
curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" localhost:9292/users/signup -d '{"user": {"first_name":"first name", "random": "never shown", "address": { "city": "SF"}}}'
include_missing:false时:
{ "declared_params": { "user": { "first_name": "first name", "address": { "city": "SF" } } } }
include_missing:true时
{ "declared_params": { "user": { "first_name": "first name", "last_name": null, "address": { "city": "Zurich", "region": null } } } }
注意,值被设置为nil的变量和缺失是不一样的,include_missing被设置为false时,值为nil的变量也会返回。
请求:
curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" localhost:9292/users/signup -d '{"user": {"first_name":"first name", "last_name": null, "address": { "city": "SF"}}}'
include_missing:false时的应答:
{ "declared_params": { "user": { "first_name": "first name", "last_name": null, "address": { "city": "SF"} } } }
你能够经过一个params block为参数定义校验选项:
params do requires :id, type: Integer optional :text, type: String, regexp: /\A[a-z]+\z/ group :media do requires :url end optional :audio do requires :format, type: Symbol, values: [:mp3, :wav, :aac, :ogg], default: :mp3 end mutually_exclusive :media, :audio end put ':id' do # params[:id] is an Integer end
若是指定了参数类型,在参数强转后,会对强转后的参数进行隐式的校验,以保证转换后的类型是声明的类型。(When a type is specified an implicit validation is done after the coercion to ensure the output type is the one declared.)
可选参数能够提供一个默认值:
params do optional :color, type: String, default: 'blue' optional :random_number, type: Integer, default: -> { Random.rand(1..100) } optional :non_random_number, type: Integer, default: Random.rand(1..100) end
注意,默认值要知足全部的校验条件,若是没有显示提供值,下面的例子老是会失败:
params do optional :color, type: String, default: 'blue', values: ['red', 'green'] end
除了上面列出的类型,若是提供了显示的转换方法parse,任何类均可以当作类型使用。若是提供的是类方法,Grape会自动使用,该方法入参必须是一个字符串,而且返回一个正确的类型,或者抛出异常表示该值无效:
class Color attr_reader :value def initialize(color) @value = color end def self.parse(value) fail 'Invalid color' unless %w(blue red green).include?(value) new(value) end end # ... params do requires :color, type: Color, default: Color.new('blue') end get '/stuff' do # params[:color] is already a Color. params[:color].value end
另外,经过coerce_with能够为任意类型提供自定义的转换方法,任何实现了parse或者call方法的类或对象均可以,该方法必须接受一个字符串参数,返回类型必须可以和type给出的匹配:
params do requires :passwd, type: String, coerce_with: Base64.method(:decode) requires :loud_color, type: Color, coerce_with: ->(c) { Color.parse(c.downcase) } requires :obj, type: Hash, coerce_with: JSON do requires :words, type: Array[String], coerce_with: ->(val) { val.split(/\s+/) } optional :time, type: Time, coerce_with: Chronic end end
下面的例子为corece_with提供了一个lambda表达式,该表达式接受一个string类型参数,返回一个整形数组,以匹配Array[Integer]类型:
params do requires :values, type: Array[Integer], coerce_with: ->(val) { val.split(/\s+/).map(&:to_i) } end
Grape利用Rack::Request内置的对MultipatFile参数的支持,这种类型的参数能够被声明为type: File:
params do requires :avatar, type: File end post '/' do # Parameter will be wrapped using Hashie: params.avatar.filename # => 'avatar.png' params.avatar.type # => 'image/png' params.avatar.tempfile # => #<File> end
Grape支持JSON格式的复杂类型参数,使用type: JSON声明,JSON对象和数组均可以被接受,在两种状况下,内置的校验规则对全部的对象(JSON对象或JSON数组中的全部对象)都适用。(Grape supports complex parameters given as JSON-formatted strings using the special type: JSON declaration. JSON objects and arrays of objects are accepted equally, with nested validation rules applied to all objects in either case):
params do requires :json, type: JSON do requires :int, type: Integer, values: [1, 2, 3] end end get '/' do params[:json].inspect end # ... client.get('/', json: '{"int":1}') # => "{:int=>1}" client.get('/', json: '[{"int":"1"}]') # => "[{:int=>1}]" client.get('/', json: '{"int":4}') # => HTTP 400 client.get('/', json: '[{"int":4}]') # => HTTP 400
另外,也可使用type: Array[JSON],用以明确表示被传递进来的参数是一个数组,若是只传递进来的是非数组形式的单个对象,会将其转换成数组。
params do requires :json, type: Array[JSON] do requires :int, type: Integer end end get '/' do params[:json].each { |obj| ... } # always works end
For stricter control over the type of JSON structure which may be supplied, use type: Array, coerce_with: JSON or type: Hash, coerce_with: JSON.
多类型参数可使用types来声明,而不是使用type:
params do requires :status_code, types: [Integer, String, Array[Integer, String]] end get '/' do params[:status_code].inspect end # ... client.get('/', status_code: 'OK_GOOD') # => "OK_GOOD" client.get('/', status_code: 300) # => 300 client.get('/', status_code: %w(404 NOT FOUND)) # => [404, "NOT", "FOUND"]
做为一个特例,经过传递包含多个成员的Set或者Array给type,能够声明多成员类型:
params do requires :status_codes, type: Array[Integer,String] end get '/' do params[:status_codes].inspect end # ... client.get('/', status_codes: %w(1 two)) # => [1, "two"]
经过group或者为requires或者optinal提供block可使用嵌套参数:
params do requires :id, type: Integer optional :text, type: String, regexp: /\A[a-z]+\z/ group :media do requires :url end optional :audio do requires :format, type: Symbol, values: [:mp3, :wav, :aac, :ogg], default: :mp3 end mutually_exclusive :media, :audio end put ':id' do # params[:id] is an Integer end
上面例子的意思是,须要同时提供params[:media][:url]
和 params[:id]
,提供params[:audio]
时才须要提供params[:audio][:format]
。提供block时,group、requires、optional接受值能够是Array或者Hash的type(默认为Array)。Depending on the value, the nested parameters will be treated either as values of a hash or as values of hashes in an array.
params do optional :preferences, type: Array do requires :key requires :value end requires :name, type: Hash do requires :first_name requires :last_name end end
对于给定一个参数时,必须提供另外一个参数的状况,可使用given方法:
params do optional :shelf_id, type: Integer given :shelf_id do requires :bin_id, type: Integer end end
在上面的例子中,Grape会使用blank?方法检查是否提供了shelf_id参数。
give也接受一个自定义的Proc,下面的例子,description参数只有在category 的值是“foo”的时候才须要提供:
params do optional :category given category: ->(val) { val == 'foo' } do requires :description end end
参数定义中也可使用allow_blank,用以保证参数有值。默认状况下,requires只检查请求中包含了指定的参数,可是忽略它的值,经过指定allow_blank: false,空值和只包含空白符的值将是无效的。
allow_blank能够和requires/optional结合使用,若是参数是必须的,那么就必须包含一个值;若是是可选的,那么请求中若是含有这个参数时,它的值必须不能是空字符串或者空白符。
params do requires :username, allow_blank: false optional :first_name, allow_blank: false end
经过:values选项,参数能够被限制为一组特定的值。
Default values are eagerly evaluated. Above :non_random_number will evaluate to the same number for each call to the endpoint of this params block. To have the default evaluate lazily with each request use a lambda, like :random_number above.
params do requires :status, type: Symbol, values: [:not_started, :processing, :done] optional :numbers, type: Array[Integer], default: 1, values: [1, 2, 3, 5, 8] end
能够给:values选项提供一个范围参数:
params do requires :latitude, type: Float, values: -90.0..+90.0 requires :longitude, type: Float, values: -180.0..+180.0 optional :letters, type: Array[String], values: 'a'..'z' end
注意,range的起始值类型必须和:type指定的匹配(若是没有提供:type选项,结束值的类型和开始值的类型必须相同),下面的例子是非法的:
params do requires :invalid1, type: Float, values: 0..10 # 0.kind_of?(Float) => false optional :invalid2, values: 0..10.0 # 10.0.kind_of?(0.class) => false end
也能够给:values选项提供一个Proc对象,在每一个请求中进行求值:
params do requires :hashtag, type: String, values: -> { Hashtag.all.map(&:tag) } end
也能够经过except选项来限制不能包含哪些值,except接受相同类型的参数做为值(Procs, ranges,等):
params do requires :browsers, values: { except: [ 'ie6', 'ie7', 'ie8' ] } end
values和except能够结合使用,用以指定哪些值能接受,哪些不能接受。能够分别为except和value自定义不一样的错误消息,用于指定值落在了except中或者不在value中:
params do requires :number, type: Integer, values: { value: 1..20 except: [4,13], except_message: 'includes unsafe numbers', message: 'is outside the range of numbers allowed' } end
经过:regexp选项,能够将参数限制为和正则表达式匹配,若是不匹配将会返回一个错误,正则表达式选项对requires和optinal参数都有效。
params do requires :email, regexp: /.+@.+/ end
当参数不包含值时,校验是能经过的。为了保证参数包含值,可使用alow_blank: false。
params do requires :email, allow_blank: false, regexp: /.+@.+/ end
参数能够经过mutually_exclusive定义为互斥,保证不会出如今同一个请求中:
params do optional :beer optional :wine mutually_exclusive :beer, :wine end
能够定义多组:
params do optional :beer optional :wine mutually_exclusive :beer, :wine optional :scotch optional :aquavit mutually_exclusive :scotch, :aquavit end
警告:永远不要将两个必须的参数设置为互斥,不然将致使参数永远无效;一个必须的参数和一个可选的参数互斥,会致使后一个参数用于无效
经过exactly_one_of能够指定正好有一个参数被提供:
params do optional :beer optional :wine exactly_one_of :beer, :wine end
at_least_one_of选项保证至少有一个参数被提供:
params do optional :beer optional :wine optional :juice at_least_one_of :beer, :wine, :juice end
能够经过all_or_none_of选项指定全部参数都提供或都不提供。
params do optional :beer optional :wine optional :juice all_or_none_of :beer, :wine, :juice end
全部的这些方法都一个在任何嵌套层使用:
params do requires :food do optional :meat optional :fish optional :rice at_least_one_of :meat, :fish, :rice end group :drink do optional :beer optional :wine optional :juice exactly_one_of :beer, :wine, :juice end optional :dessert do optional :cake optional :icecream mutually_exclusive :cake, :icecream end optional :recipe do optional :oil optional :meat all_or_none_of :oil, :meat end end
命名空间容许在每一个方法中经过命名空间定义和使用参数。
namespace :statuses do params do requires :user_id, type: Integer, desc: 'A user ID.' end namespace ':user_id' do desc "Retrieve a user's status." params do requires :status_id, type: Integer, desc: 'A status ID.' end get ':status_id' do User.find(params[:user_id]).statuses.find(params[:status_id]) end end end
namespace方法有好几个别名,包括:group, resource, resources, and segment。你能够选择一个你喜欢的。
经过route_param你能够方便的定义一个路由参数做为命名空间:
namespace :statuses do route_param :id do desc 'Returns all replies for a status.' get 'replies' do Status.find(params[:id]).replies end desc 'Returns a status.' get do Status.find(params[:id]) end end end
You can also define a route parameter type by passing to route_param's options.
namespace :arithmetic do route_param :n, type: Integer do desc 'Returns in power' get 'power' do params[:n] ** params[:n] end end end