正则表达式是一种定义的规则,Linux工具能够用它来过滤文本。node
[root@node1 ~]# echo "this is a cat" | sed -n '/cat/p' this is a cat [root@node1 ~]# echo "this is a cat" | gawk '/cat/{print $0}' this is a cat
正则表达式的匹配很是挑剔,尤为须要记住,正则表达式区分大小写。正则表达式
正则表达式识别的特殊字符包括:工具
.*[]^${}\+?|()this
若是要使用某个特殊字符做为文本字符,就必须转义,通常用(\)来转义。blog
[root@node1 ~]# echo "this is a $" | sed -n '/\$/p' this is a $
有两个特殊字符能够用来将模式锁定在数据流的行首或行尾class
脱字符(^)定义从数据流中文本行的行首开始的模式。test
美圆符($)定义了行尾锚点。awk
[root@node1 ~]# echo "this is a cat" | sed -n '/^this/p' this is a cat [root@node1 ~]# echo "this is a cat" | sed -n '/cat$/p' this is a cat
在一些状况下能够组合使用这两个命令基础
1.好比查找只含有特定文本的行sed
[root@node1 ljy]# more test.txt this is a dog what how this is a cat is a dog [root@node1 ljy]# sed -n '/^is a dog$/p' test.txt is a dog [root@node
2.两个锚点组合起来,能够直接过滤空白行
[root@node1 ljy]# more test.txt this is a dog what how this is a cat is a dog [root@node1 ljy]# sed '/^$/d' test.txt this is a dog what how this is a cat is a dog
点号用来匹配除换行符外的任意单个字符,他必须匹配一个字符。
[root@node1 ljy]# more test.txt this is a dog what how this is a cat is a dog at [root@node1 ljy]# sed -n '/.at/p' test.txt what this is a cat
限定待匹配的具体字符,使用字符组。使用方括号来定义一个字符组。
[root@node1 ljy]# more test.txt this is a dog this is a Dog this is a DoG this is a cat [root@node1 ljy]# sed -n '/[dD]og/p' test.txt this is a dog this is a Dog [root@node1 ljy]# sed -n '/[dD]o[gG]/p' test.txt this is a dog this is a Dog this is a DoG
要排除某些特定的元素,要在字符组前面加个脱字符。
[root@node1 ljy]# sed -n '/[dD]o[gG]/p' test.txt this is a dog this is a Dog this is a DoG [root@node1 ljy]# sed -n '/[^D]og/p' test.txt this is a dog
正则表达式会包括此区间内的任意字符。
[root@node1 ljy]# more test.txt 123123 1231 121222222 412345341613 vsdvs qwer12344123 12345 34211 444444 [root@node1 ljy]# sed -n '/^[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]$/p' test.txt 12345 34211
问号代表前面的字符出现0次或者1次,仅限于此。
[root@node1 ljy]# echo "bat" | gawk '/ba?t/{print $0}' bat [root@node1 ljy]# echo "baat" | gawk '/ba?t/{print $0}' [root@node1 ljy]# echo "bt" | gawk '/ba?t/{print $0}' bt
能够将问号和字符组一块儿使用
[root@node1 ljy]# echo "bt" | gawk '/b[ae]?t/{print $0}' bt [root@node1 ljy]# echo "bat" | gawk '/b[ae]?t/{print $0}' bat [root@node1 ljy]# echo "bet" | gawk '/b[ae]?t/{print $0}' bet [root@node1 ljy]# echo "baat" | gawk '/b[ae]?t/{print $0}'
加号代表前面的字符能够出现一次或屡次,但至少是1次。
[root@node1 ljy]# echo "baat" | gawk '/b[ae]+t/{print $0}' baat [root@node1 ljy]# echo "bt" | gawk '/b[ae]+t/{print $0}' [root@node1 ljy]# echo "bt" | gawk '/ba+t/{print $0}' [root@node1 ljy]# echo "bat" | gawk '/ba+t/{print $0}' bat [root@node1 ljy]# echo "baat" | gawk '/ba+t/{print $0}' baat
ERE中的花括号容许你为可重复的正则表达式规定上下限。
m,n最少出现m此,最多出现n次。
[root@node1 ljy]# echo "baat" | gawk '/b[ae]{1,2}t/{print $0}' baat [root@node1 ljy]# echo "baaat" | gawk '/b[ae]{1,2}t/{print $0}'
用逻辑or的方式指定正则表达式规则,其中一个条件符合要就便可。
正则表达式分组也能够用圆括号进行分组。
[root@node1 ljy]# echo "bat" | gawk '/b(a|e)t/{print $0}' bat [root@node1 ljy]# echo "baat" | gawk '/b(a|e)t/{print $0}' [root@node1 ljy]# echo "bet" | gawk '/b(a|e)t/{print $0}' bet