shell高级-----正则表达式

正则表达式概述

正则表达式是一种定义的规则,Linux工具能够用它来过滤文本。node

基础正则表达式

纯文本

[root@node1 ~]# echo "this is a cat" | sed -n '/cat/p'
this is a cat
[root@node1 ~]# echo "this is a cat" | gawk  '/cat/{print $0}'
this is a cat

 正则表达式的匹配很是挑剔,尤为须要记住,正则表达式区分大小写。正则表达式

特殊字符

正则表达式识别的特殊字符包括:工具

.*[]^${}\+?|()this

若是要使用某个特殊字符做为文本字符,就必须转义,通常用(\)来转义。blog

[root@node1 ~]# echo "this is  a $" | sed -n '/\$/p'
this is  a $

锚字符

有两个特殊字符能够用来将模式锁定在数据流的行首或行尾class

脱字符(^)定义从数据流中文本行的行首开始的模式。test

美圆符($)定义了行尾锚点。awk

[root@node1 ~]# echo "this is a cat" | sed -n '/^this/p'
this is a cat
[root@node1 ~]# echo "this is a cat" | sed -n '/cat$/p' 
this is a cat

在一些状况下能够组合使用这两个命令基础

1.好比查找只含有特定文本的行sed

[root@node1 ljy]# more test.txt            
this is a dog
what
how
this is a cat
is a dog
[root@node1 ljy]# sed -n '/^is a dog$/p' test.txt 
is a dog
[root@node

2.两个锚点组合起来,能够直接过滤空白行

[root@node1 ljy]# more test.txt           
this is a dog
what
how

this is a cat
is a dog
[root@node1 ljy]# sed  '/^$/d' test.txt    
this is a dog
what
how
this is a cat
is a dog

点号字符

点号用来匹配除换行符外的任意单个字符,他必须匹配一个字符。

[root@node1 ljy]# more test.txt 
this is a dog
what
how
this is a cat
is a dog
at
[root@node1 ljy]# sed -n '/.at/p' test.txt 
what
this is a cat

字符组

限定待匹配的具体字符,使用字符组。使用方括号来定义一个字符组。

[root@node1 ljy]# more test.txt 
this is a dog
this is a Dog
this is a DoG
this is a cat
[root@node1 ljy]# sed -n '/[dD]og/p' test.txt 
this is a dog
this is a Dog
[root@node1 ljy]# sed -n '/[dD]o[gG]/p' test.txt  
this is a dog
this is a Dog
this is a DoG

排除型字符组

要排除某些特定的元素,要在字符组前面加个脱字符。

[root@node1 ljy]# sed -n '/[dD]o[gG]/p' test.txt  
this is a dog
this is a Dog
this is a DoG
[root@node1 ljy]# sed -n '/[^D]og/p' test.txt       
this is a dog

区间

正则表达式会包括此区间内的任意字符。

[root@node1 ljy]# more test.txt 
123123
1231
121222222
412345341613
vsdvs
qwer12344123
12345
34211
444444
[root@node1 ljy]# sed -n '/^[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]$/p' test.txt 
12345
34211

拓展正则表达式

问号

问号代表前面的字符出现0次或者1次,仅限于此。

[root@node1 ljy]# echo "bat" | gawk '/ba?t/{print $0}'  
bat
[root@node1 ljy]# echo "baat" | gawk '/ba?t/{print $0}'
[root@node1 ljy]# echo "bt" | gawk '/ba?t/{print $0}'  
bt

能够将问号和字符组一块儿使用

[root@node1 ljy]# echo "bt" | gawk '/b[ae]?t/{print $0}' 
bt
[root@node1 ljy]# echo "bat" | gawk '/b[ae]?t/{print $0}'
bat
[root@node1 ljy]# echo "bet" | gawk '/b[ae]?t/{print $0}' 
bet
[root@node1 ljy]# echo "baat" | gawk '/b[ae]?t/{print $0}'

加号

加号代表前面的字符能够出现一次或屡次,但至少是1次。

[root@node1 ljy]# echo "baat" | gawk '/b[ae]+t/{print $0}' 
baat
[root@node1 ljy]# echo "bt" | gawk '/b[ae]+t/{print $0}'  
[root@node1 ljy]# echo "bt" | gawk '/ba+t/{print $0}'   
[root@node1 ljy]# echo "bat" | gawk '/ba+t/{print $0}'
bat
[root@node1 ljy]# echo "baat" | gawk '/ba+t/{print $0}'
baat

花括号

ERE中的花括号容许你为可重复的正则表达式规定上下限。

m,n最少出现m此,最多出现n次。

[root@node1 ljy]# echo "baat" | gawk '/b[ae]{1,2}t/{print $0}'  
baat
[root@node1 ljy]# echo "baaat" | gawk '/b[ae]{1,2}t/{print $0}'

管道符号

用逻辑or的方式指定正则表达式规则,其中一个条件符合要就便可。

表达式分组

正则表达式分组也能够用圆括号进行分组。

[root@node1 ljy]# echo "bat" | gawk '/b(a|e)t/{print $0}'           
bat
[root@node1 ljy]# echo "baat" | gawk '/b(a|e)t/{print $0}'
[root@node1 ljy]# echo "bet" | gawk '/b(a|e)t/{print $0}'  
bet
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