建立数据库的系统用户和用户组
$ su root #切换到root # groupadd oinstall #建立用户组oinstall # groupadd dba #建立用户组dba # useradd -g oinstall -g dba -m oracle #建立oracle用户，并加入到oinstall和dba用户组 # passwd oracle #设置用户oracle的登录密码，不设置密码，在CentOS的图形登录界面无法登录 Changing password for user oracle. New password: # 密码 BAD PASSWORD: The password is shorter than 8 characters Retype new password: # 确认密码 passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully. # id oracle # 查看新建的oracle用户 uid=1001(oracle) gid=1002(dba) groups=1002(dba) 理论上单例按照须要3种用户组，实际只建两个oinstall和dba，后面再安装oracle数据库的时候把OSOPER组也设置是dba组。 a.oracle 清单组（通常为oinstall): OINSTALL 组的成员被视为 Oracle 软件的“全部者”，拥有对 Oracle 中央清单 (oraInventory) 的写入权限。在一个 Linux 系统上首次安装 Oracle 软件时， OUI 会建立 /etc/oraInst.loc 文件。该文件指定 Oracle 清单组的名称（默认为 oinstall）以及 Oracle 中央清单目录的路径。 b.数据库管理员（OSDBA，通常为 dba）: OSDBA 组的成员可经过操做系统身份验证使用 SQL 以 SYSDBA 身份链接到一个 Oracle 实例。该组的成员可执行关键的数据库管理任务，如建立数据库、启动和关 闭实例。该组的默认名称为dba。SYSDBA 系统权限甚至在数据库未打开时也容许访问数据库实例。对此权限的控制彻底超出了数据库自己的范围。不要混淆 SYSDBA 系统权限与数据库角色 DBA。DBA 角色不包括 SYSDBA 或 SYSOPER 系统权限。 c.数据库操做员组（OSOPER，通常为 oper）: OSOPER 组的成员可经过操做系统身份验证使用 SQL 以 SYSOPER 身份链接到一个 Oracle 实例。这个可选组的成员拥有一组有限的数据库管理权限，如管理和运行备份。 该组的默认名称为oper。
建立oracle数据库安装目录
[localhost ~]$ su root Password: [root@localhost ~]# mkdir -p /data/oracle #oracle数据库安装目录 [root@localhost ~]# mkdir -p /data/oraInventory #oracle数据库配置文件目录 [root@localhost ~]# mkdir -p /data/database #oracle数据库软件包解压目录 [root@localhost ~]# cd /data [root@localhost data]# ls #建立完毕检查一下（强迫症） database oracle oraInventory [root@localhost data]# chown -R oracle:oinstall /data/oracle #设置目录全部者为oinstall用户组的oracle用户 [root@localhost data]# chown -R oracle:oinstall /data/oraInventory [root@localhost data]# chown -R oracle:oinstall /data/database [root@localhost data]#
修改OS系统标识
oracle默认不支持CentOS系统安装，Oracle Database 11g Release 2 的 OS要求参考： https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E11882_01/install.112/e47689/pre_install.htm#LADBI1106python
我安装是64位数据库，On Linux x86-64：Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 （RHEL 7）linux
另外，CentOS7.0.1511 基于 RHEL7.2 参考：http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2015-12/126283.htmc++
#修改文件 /etc/RedHat-release [sonny@localhost data]$ su root Password: [root@localhost data]# cat /proc/version Linux version 3.10.0-229.el7.x86_64 (builder@kbuilder.dev.centos.org) (gcc version 4.8.2 20140120 (Red Hat 4.8.2-16) (GCC) ) #1 SMP Fri Mar 6 11:36:42 UTC 2015 [root@localhost data]# cat /etc/redhat-release cat /etc/redhat-release [root@localhost data]# vi /etc/redhat-release [root@localhost data]# cat /etc/redhat-release redhat-7 [root@localhost data]#
安装oracle数据库所须要的软件包
重复一遍，我安装时Oracle Database 11g Release 2 64位数据库。sql
Oracle Database Package Requirements for Linux x86-64 以下：（参考：https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E11882_01/install.112/e47689/pre_install.htm#BABCFJFG）数据库
#操做系统:Oracle Linux 7 and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 The following packages (or later versions) must be installed: rpm -ivh kernel-headers-3.10.0-229.el7.x86_64.rpm rpm -ivh libmpc-1.0.1-3.el7.x86_64.rpm rpm -ivh cpp-4.8.3-9.el7.x86_64.rpm rpm -ivh binutils-2.23.52.0.1-30.el7.x86_64.rpm rpm -ivh compat-libcap1-1.10-7.el7.x86_64.rpm rpm -ivh gcc-4.8.3-9.el7.x86_64.rpm rpm -ivh libstdc++-devel-4.8.3-9.el7.x86_64.rpm rpm -ivh gcc-c++-4.8.3-9.el7.x86_64.rpm rpm -ivh glibc-2.17-78.el7.x86_64.rpm rpm -ivh glibc-devel-2.17-78.el7.x86_64.rpm rpm -ivh libaio-0.3.109-12.el7.x86_64.rpm rpm -ivh libaio-devel-0.3.109-12.el7.x86_64.rpm rpm -ivh libgcc-4.8.3-9.el7.x86_64.rpm rpm -ivh libstdc++-4.8.3-9.el7.x86_64.rpm rpm -ivh libstdc++-devel-4.8.3-9.el7.x86_64.rpm rpm -ivh libXi-1.7.2-2.1.el7.x86_64.rpm rpm -ivh libXtst-1.2.2-2.1.el7.x86_64.rpm rpm -ivh make-3.82-21.el7.x86_64.rpm rpm -ivh sysstat-10.1.5-7.el7.x86_64.rpm rpm -ivh libXxf86dga-1.1.4-2.1.el7.x86_64.rpm rpm -ivh libdmx-1.1.3-3.el7.x86_64.rpm rpm -ivh elfutils-libelf-devel-0.160-1.el7.x86_64.rpm rpm -ivh compat-libstdc++-33-3.2.3-72.el7.x86_64.rpm rpm -ivh pdksh-5.2.14-37.el5_8.1.x86_64.rpm rpm -ivh readline-6.2-9.el7.x86_64.rpm
关闭防火墙
CentOS 7默认使用的是firewall做为防火墙vim
[root@localhost /]# systemctl status firewalld.service #查看防火墙状态，运行中
● firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: active (running) since Thu 2016-04-07 18:54:29 PDT; 2h 20min ago
Main PID: 802 (firewalld)
CGroup: /system.slice/firewalld.service
└─802 /usr/bin/python -Es /usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork --nopid
Apr 07 18:54:25 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon...
Apr 07 18:54:29 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon.
[root@localhost /]# systemctl stop firewalld.service #关闭防火墙
[root@localhost /]# systemctl status firewalld.service #再次查看防火墙状态，发现已关闭
● firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: inactive (dead) since Thu 2016-04-07 21:15:34 PDT; 9s ago
Main PID: 802 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Apr 07 18:54:25 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon...
Apr 07 18:54:29 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon.
Apr 07 21:15:33 localhost systemd[1]: Stopping firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon...
Apr 07 21:15:34 localhost systemd[1]: Stopped firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon.
[root@localhost /]# systemctl disable firewalld.service #禁止使用防火墙（重启也是禁止的）
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.Fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service.
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/basic.target.wants/firewalld.service.
[root@localhost /]#
关闭selinux（需重启生效）
[root@localhost /]# vi /etc/selinux/config [root@localhost /]# cat /etc/selinux/config # This file controls the state of SELinux on the system. # SELINUX= can take one of these three values: # enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced. # permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing. # disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded. SELINUX=disabled #此处修改成disabled # SELINUXTYPE= can take one of three two values: # targeted - Targeted processes are protected, # minimum - Modification of targeted policy. Only selected processes are protected. # mls - Multi Level Security protection. SELINUXTYPE=targeted
修改内核参数
[root@localhost /]# vi /etc/sysctl.conf [root@localhost /]# cat /etc/sysct.conf cat: /etc/sysct.conf: No such file or directory [root@localhost /]# cat /etc/sysctl.conf # System default settings live in /usr/lib/sysctl.d/00-system.conf. # To override those settings, enter new settings here, or in an /etc/sysctl.d/<name>.conf file # # For more information, see sysctl.conf(5) and sysctl.d(5). net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1 net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1 fs.file-max = 6815744 #设置最大打开文件数 fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576 kernel.shmall = 2097152 #共享内存的总量，8G内存设置：2097152*4k/1024/1024 kernel.shmmax = 2147483648 #最大共享内存的段大小 kernel.shmmni = 4096 #整个系统共享内存端的最大数 kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128 net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500 #可以使用的IPv4端口范围 net.core.rmem_default = 262144 net.core.rmem_max= 4194304 net.core.wmem_default= 262144 net.core.wmem_max= 1048576 [root@localhost /]# 使配置参数生效 [root@localhost /]# sysctl -p net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1 net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1 sysctl: setting key "fs.file-max": Invalid argument fs.file-max = 6815744 #设置最大打开文件数 fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576 sysctl: setting key "kernel.shmall": Invalid argument kernel.shmall = 2097152 #共享内存的总量，8G内存设置：2097152*4k/1024/1024 sysctl: setting key "kernel.shmmax": Invalid argument kernel.shmmax = 2147483648 #最大共享内存的段大小 sysctl: setting key "kernel.shmmni": Invalid argument kernel.shmmni = 4096 #整个系统共享内存端的最大数 kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128 sysctl: setting key "net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range": Invalid argument net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500 #可以使用的IPv4端口范围 net.core.rmem_default = 262144 net.core.rmem_max = 4194304 net.core.wmem_default = 262144 net.core.wmem_max = 1048576 [root@localhost /]#
对oracle用户设置限制，提升软件运行性能（红色为添加部分）
[root@localhost /]# vi /etc/security/limits.conf [root@localhost /]# cat /etc/security/limits.conf # /etc/security/limits.conf # #This file sets the resource limits for the users logged in via PAM. #It does not affect resource limits of the system services. # #Also note that configuration files in /etc/security/limits.d directory, #which are read in alphabetical order, override the settings in this #file in case the domain is the same or more specific. #That means for example that setting a limit for wildcard domain here #can be overriden with a wildcard setting in a config file in the #subdirectory, but a user specific setting here can be overriden only #with a user specific setting in the subdirectory. # #Each line describes a limit for a user in the form: # #<domain> <type> <item> <value> # #Where: #<domain> can be: # - a user name # - a group name, with @group syntax # - the wildcard *, for default entry # - the wildcard %, can be also used with %group syntax, # for maxlogin limit # #<type> can have the two values: # - "soft" for enforcing the soft limits # - "hard" for enforcing hard limits # #<item> can be one of the following: # - core - limits the core file size (KB) # - data - max data size (KB) # - fsize - maximum filesize (KB) # - memlock - max locked-in-memory address space (KB) # - nofile - max number of open file descriptors # - rss - max resident set size (KB) # - stack - max stack size (KB) # - cpu - max CPU time (MIN) # - nproc - max number of processes # - as - address space limit (KB) # - maxlogins - max number of logins for this user # - maxsyslogins - max number of logins on the system # - priority - the priority to run user process with # - locks - max number of file locks the user can hold # - sigpending - max number of pending signals # - msgqueue - max memory used by POSIX message queues (bytes) # - nice - max nice priority allowed to raise to values: [-20, 19] # - rtprio - max realtime priority # #<domain> <type> <item> <value> # #* soft core 0 #* hard rss 10000 #@student hard nproc 20 #@faculty soft nproc 20 #@faculty hard nproc 50 #ftp hard nproc 0 #@student - maxlogins 4 oracle soft nproc 2047 oracle hard nproc 16384 oracle soft nofile 1024 oracle hard nofile 65536 # End of file [root@localhost /]#
配置用户的环境变量（红色部分为添加代码）
[root@localhost /]# vi /home/oracle/.bash_profile [root@localhost /]# cat /home/oracle/.bash_profile # .bash_profile # Get the aliases and functions if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrc fi # User specific environment and startup programs PATH=$PATH:$HOME/.local/bin:$HOME/bin export PATH export ORACLE_BASE=/data/oracle #oracle数据库安装目录 export ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/product/11.2.0/db_1 #oracle数据库路径 export ORACLE_SID=orcl #oracle启动数据库实例名 export ORACLE_TERM=xterm #xterm窗口模式安装 export PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:/usr/sbin:$PATH #添加系统环境变量 export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/lib:/lib:/usr/lib #添加系统环境变量 export LANG=C #防止安装过程出现乱码 export NLS_LANG=AMERICAN_AMERICA.ZHS16GBK #设置Oracle客户端字符集，必须与Oracle安装时设置的字符集保持一致，如：ZHS16GBK，不然出现数据导入导出中文乱码问题 [root@localhost /]# 使上述配置当即生效： [oracle@localhost /]$ su root Password: [root@localhost /]# source /home/oracle/.bash_profile [root@localhost /]#
解压安装包
[oracle@localhost /]$ cd /usr/local/src #进入/usr/local/src目录 [oracle@localhost src]$ ls linux.x64_11gR2_database_1of2.zip linux.x64_11gR2_database_2of2.zip [oracle@localhost src]$ unzip linux.x64_11gR2_database_1of2.zip -d /data/database/ #解压 (省略...) [oracle@localhost src]$ unzip linux.x64_11gR2_database_2of2.zip -d /data/database/ #解压 (省略...) [oracle@localhost src]$ su root Password: [root@localhost src]# chown -R oracle:oinstall /data/database/database/ [root@localhost src]#
安装oracle
[oracle@localhost ~]$ export DISPLAY=10.0.205.189:0.0 [oracle@localhost ~]$ xhost + 10.0.205.189 10.0.205.189 being added to access control list [oracle@localhost database]$ ./runInstaller Starting Oracle Universal Installer... Checking Temp space: must be greater than 120 MB. Actual 10685 MB Passed Checking swap space: must be greater than 150 MB. Actual 1639 MB Passed Checking monitor: must be configured to display at least 256 colors. Actual 16777216 Passed Preparing to launch Oracle Universal Installer from /tmp/OraInstall2018-12-17_12-11-54PM. Please wait ... This is a prerequisite condition to test whether sufficient total swap space is available on the system. (more details)
swap空间不足解决 ：（要求2.8G 实际2G）centos
[root@localhost oracle]# free -m #查看当前虚拟内存
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 1824 1369 93 10 361 250
Swap: 2048 20 2028
[root@localhost oracle]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/home/swap bs=1024 count=1024000 #将当前swap空间由2048M 增长到 3048M 新增一个2014的swap文件
1024000+0 records in
1024000+0 records out
1048576000 bytes (1.0 GB) copied, 29.4051 s, 35.7 MB/s
[root@localhost oracle]# mkswap /home/swap
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1023996 KiB
no label, UUID=5e3d39d7-285e-4c74-b321-1e2b3ffabf83
[root@localhost oracle]# free -m
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 1824 1275 95 10 454 342
Swap: 2048 141 1907
[root@localhost oracle]# swapon /home/swap #增长并启用虚拟内容
swapon: /home/swap: insecure permissions 0644, 0600 suggested.
[root@localhost oracle]# free -m #再次查看
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 1824 1275 94 10 454 342
Swap: 3048 141 2907
解决错误
Error in invoking target 'agent nmhs' of makefilebash
解决方案
在makefile中添加连接libnnz11库的参数
修改$ORACLE_HOME/sysman/lib/ins_emagent.mk，将
$(MK_EMAGENT_NMECTL)修改成：$(MK_EMAGENT_NMECTL) -lnnz11
建议修改前备份原始文件oracle
[oracle@ ~]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/sysman/lib [oracle@lib]$ cp ins_emagent.mk ins_emagent.mk.bak [oracle@lib]$ vi ins_emagent.mk
进入vi编辑器后 命令模式输入/NMECTL 进行查找，快速定位要修改的行
在后面追加参数-lnnz11 第一个是字母l 后面两个是数字1dom
保存退出后Retry
安装rlwrap
[root@localhost rlwrap-0.37]# ./configure [root@localhost rlwrap-0.37]# make [root@localhost rlwrap-0.37]# make install [root@localhost rlwrap-0.37]# [oracle@localhost ~]$ vim .bash_profile #添加 alias sqlplus='rlwrap sqlplus' [oracle@localhost ~]$ source .bash_profile
建立表空间与用户
crt_datatbs.sh #!/bin/sh sqlplus sys/sys@ORCL as sysdba <<+ create tablespace DATATBS1 datafile '/data/database/data0tbs01_1_6g' size 6142m reuse, '/data/database/data0tbs01_2_6g' size 6142m reuse extent management local uniform size 1m segment space management auto; + crt_indextbs.sh #!/bin/sh sqlplus sys/sys@ORCL as sysdba <<+ create tablespace INDEXTBS1 datafile '/data/database/index0tbs01_1_2g' size 2048m reuse extent management local uniform size 1m segment space management auto; + create user test profile default identified by test default tablespace DATATBS1 account unlock; grant connect to test; grant resource to test; grant select_catalog_role to test; grant create any view to test; grant unlimited tablespace to test; grant create synonym to test; grant dba to test;