Requests 是使用 Apache2 Licensed 许可证的 HTTP 库。用 Python 编写,真正的为人类着想。html
Python 标准库中的 urllib2 模块提供了你所须要的大多数 HTTP 功能,可是它的 API 太渣了。它是为另外一个时代、另外一个互联网所建立的。它须要巨量的工做,甚至包括各类方法覆盖,来完成最简单的任务。python
总之,你们之后对urllib2库敬而远之就好了。来拥抱Requests吧。nginx
Requests的官方文档:http://cn.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/git
经过下面方法安装requestsgithub
pip install requests
很是简单,先导入requests,apache
import requests
而后,按照下面的方法发送http的各类请求:json
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json') r = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post") r = requests.put("http://httpbin.org/put") r = requests.delete("http://httpbin.org/delete") r = requests.head("http://httpbin.org/get") r = requests.options("http://httpbin.org/get")
若是http请求须要带URL参数(注意是URL参数不是body参数),那么须要将参数附带到payload字典里头,按照下面的方法发送请求:flask
import requests payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'} r = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get",params=payload) print r.url
经过print(r.url)能看到URL已被正确编码:服务器
http://httpbin.org/get?key2=value2&key1=value1
注意字典里值为 None 的键都不会被添加到 URL 的查询字符串里。cookie
import requests r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json') r.text
响应结果是:
{"message":"Hello there, wayfaring stranger. If you're reading this then you probably didn't see our blog post a couple of years back announcing that this API would Go away: http://Git.io/17AROg Fear not, you should be able to get what you need from the shiny new Events API instead.","documentation_url":"https://developer.github.com/v3/activity/events/#list-public-events"}
Requests会自动解码来自服务器的内容。大多数unicode字符集都能被无缝地解码。请求发出后,Requests会基于HTTP头部对响应的编码做出有根据的推测。当你访问r.text之时,Requests会使用其推测的文本编码。你能够找出Requests使用了什么编码,而且可以使用r.encoding 属性来改变它
>>> r.encoding 'utf-8'
若是请求返回的是二进制的图片,你可使用r.content访问请求响应体。
import requests from PIL import Image from StringIO import StringIO r = requests.get('http://cn.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/_static/requests-sidebar.png') i = Image.open(StringIO(r.content)) i.show()
Requests中也有一个内置的JSON解码器,助你处理JSON数据:
import requests r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json') print r.json()
r.json将返回的json格式字符串解码成python字典。r.text返回的utf-8的文本。
若是你想为请求添加HTTP头部,只要简单地传递一个 dict 给headers 参数就能够了。
import requests import json payload = {'some': 'data'} headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'} r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json', data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers) print r.json()
注意,这里的payload是放到body里面的,因此params参数要使用json数据。
就像上面‘定制请求头’中的例子,将payload序列化为json格式数据,传递给data参数。
先制做一个text文件,名为‘report.txt’,内容是‘this is a file’。Requests使得上传多部分编码文件变得很简单:
import requests url = 'http://httpbin.org/post' files = {'file': open('report.txt', 'rb')} r = requests.post(url, files=files) print r.text
返回结果是:
C:\Python27\python.exe C:/Users/Administrator/PycharmProjects/flaskexample/postfile.py { "args": {}, "data": "", "files": { <strong>"file": "this is a file"</strong> }, "form": {}, "headers": { "Accept": "*/*", "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", "Content-Length": "160", "Content-Type": "multipart/form-data; boundary=a3b41a6300214ffdb55ddbc23dfc0d91", "Host": "httpbin.org", "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.7.0 CPython/2.7.9 Windows/2012Server" }, "json": null, "origin": "202.108.92.226", "url": "http://httpbin.org/post" } Process finished with exit code 0
传递一个字典给 data 参数就能够了。数据字典在发出请求时会自动编码为表单形式:
>>> payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'} >>> r = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
查看响应内容:
>>> print r.text { "args": {}, "data": "", "files": {}, "form": { "key1": "value1", "key2": "value2" }, "headers": { "Accept": "*/*", "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", "Content-Length": "23", "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", "Host": "httpbin.org", "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.6.0 CPython/2.7.10 Windows/7" }, "json": null, "origin": "124.251.251.2", "url": "http://httpbin.org/post" }
使用r.status_code返回响应的状态码。
import requests r = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get') print r.status_code
为方便引用,Requests还附带了一个内置的状态码查询对象:
print r.status_code == requests.codes.ok
若是发送了一个失败请求(非200响应),咱们能够经过 Response.raise_for_status()来抛出异常:
import requests bad_r = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/status/404') print bad_r.status_code bad_r.raise_for_status()
返回结果是:
C:\Python27\python.exe C:/Users/Administrator/PycharmProjects/flaskexample/postfile.py 404 Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:/Users/Administrator/PycharmProjects/flaskexample/postfile.py", line 5, in <module> bad_r.raise_for_status() File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\requests\models.py", line 851, in raise_for_status raise HTTPError(http_error_msg, response=self) <strong>requests.exceptions.HTTPError: 404 Client Error: NOT FOUND</strong> Process finished with exit code 1
若是返回码是200,则不会抛出异常,即:
import requests bad_r = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get') print bad_r.status_code bad_r.raise_for_status()
的返回结果是:
C:\Python27\python.exe C:/Users/Administrator/PycharmProjects/flaskexample/postfile.py 200 Process finished with exit code 0
咱们能够查看以一个Python字典形式展现的服务器响应头:
读取所有头部:
r.headers
返回:
{ 'content-encoding': 'gzip', 'transfer-encoding': 'chunked', 'connection': 'close', 'server': 'nginx/1.0.4', 'x-runtime': '148ms', 'etag': '"e1ca502697e5c9317743dc078f67693f"', 'content-type': 'application/json' }
读取某一个头部字段:
r.headers['Content-Type'] r.headers.get('content-type')
获得响应中包含的一些Cookie:
>>> url = 'http://example.com/some/cookie/setting/url' >>> r = requests.get(url) >>> r.cookies['example_cookie_name'] 'example_cookie_value'
要想发送你的cookies到服务器,可使用 cookies
参数:
>>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies' >>> cookies = dict(cookies_are='working') >>> r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies) >>> r.text
返回结果:
u'{\n "cookies": {\n "cookies_are": "working"\n }\n}\n'
默认状况下,除了 HEAD, Requests会自动处理全部重定向。
可使用响应对象的 history
方法来追踪重定向。
>>> r = requests.get('http://github.com') >>> r.url 'https://github.com/' >>> r.status_code 200 >>> r.history [<Response [301]>]
若是你使用的是GET, OPTIONS, POST, PUT, PATCH 或者 DELETE,,那么你能够经过 allow_redirects
参数禁用重定向处理:
>>> r = requests.get('http://github.com', allow_redirects=False) >>> r.status_code 301 >>> r.history []
若是你使用的是HEAD,你也能够启用重定向:
>>> r = requests.head('http://github.com', allow_redirects=True) >>> r.url 'https://github.com/' >>> r.history [<Response [301]>]