nginx基础

时间 2019-11-08

标签 nginx 基础栏目 Nginx 繁體版

原文原文链接

6.10 访问控制
用于location段
allow：设定容许哪台或哪些主机访问，多个参数间用空格隔开
deny：设定禁止哪台或哪些主机访问，多个参数间用空格隔开

[root@yanyinglai3 conf]# vim nginx.conf
        location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
            allow  192.168.47.1;
            deny all;
        }
[root@yanyinglai3 conf]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@yanyinglai3 conf]# nginx -s reload

设置拒绝本机访问

[root@yanyinglai3 conf]# vim nginx.conf
             location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
            deny  192.168.47.1;
            allow all;
        }
[root@yanyinglai3 conf]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@yanyinglai3 conf]# nginx -s reload

6.11基于用户认证
[root@yanyinglai3 ~]# cd /usr/local/nginx/
[root@yanyinglai3 nginx]# mkdir auth
[root@yanyinglai3 nginx]# cd auth
[root@yanyinglai3 auth]# pwd
/usr/local/nginx/auth
[root@yanyinglai3 auth]# yum provides *bin/htpasswd

[root@yanyinglai3 auth]# yum -y install httpd-tools
[root@yanyinglai3 auth]#  htpasswd -c -m /usr/local/nginx/auth/.user_auth_file tom
New password:
Re-type new password:
Adding password for user tom
[root@yanyinglai3 auth]#  cat /usr/local/nginx/auth/.user_auth_file
tom:$apr1$ZMJK3Hqt$awuiBTxnC.zVSbfg8LDEc0
[root@yanyinglai3 auth]#  vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
       location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
            auth_basic "welcome to there";
            auth_basic_user_file ../auth/.user_auth_file;
        }

[root@yanyinglai3 auth]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@yanyinglai3 auth]# nginx -s reload

**httpd配置**
1.生成私钥
CA的配置文件：/etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf

[root@yanyinglai3 ~]# cd /etc/pki/CA
[root@yanyinglai3 CA]# (umask 077;openssl genrsa -out private/cakey.pem 2048)    #生成密钥，括号必需要
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus
..+++
...........+++
e is 65537 (0x10001)

[root@yanyinglai3 CA]# openssl rsa -in private/cakey.pem -pubout       #提取公钥
writing RSA key
-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEA4yQE0uPpr50yAothrcpW
7b/jJ8F2DiiEJbJDNH7COycZTbKOgVPwfOVapNE9wA9oiOLO3SVZZWVgprScyAJ1
rqte2Eta7uVoXgaXXLPFp+iR7uTwiiZCA2xfuc7CyumFErCfbkW1+wWPab3R8Gfg
aHPh+C84nEyrfDC3EAHyNQiNudt8UWKPW9dzc6K7coBasn6fAkHcaS59NPpqtk/R
9W9G4TZ19ZEQ7yU7dSW1llh2eUtgYHNhB5iHmUMk16ARmp+Fq3oIzYxqLfy5tE9+
MBu28nEtR1K7gunQvYsL3NvbckEzVsJL5xCrUNLyVdiDuOxqCb2cOOzhNscwnUuu
MwIDAQAB
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----

CA生成自签署证书
[root@yanyinglai3 CA]# openssl req -new -x509 -key private/cakey.pem -out cacert.pem -days 365    #生成自签署证书
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:cn
State or Province Name (full name) []:hb
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:wh
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:www.yanyinglai.com
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:www.yanyinglai.com
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []: www.yanyinglai.com
Email Address []:yanyinglai@qq.com
[root@yanyinglai3 CA]#  openssl x509 -text -in cacert.pem #读出cacert.pem证书的内容
[root@yanyinglai3 CA]#  openssl x509 -text -in cacert.pem
Certificate:
    Data:
        Version: 3 (0x2)
        Serial Number:
            bb:3b:5f:52:c2:dc:0f:0e
    Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
        Issuer: C=cn, ST=hb, L=wh, O=www.yanyinglai.com, OU=www.yanyinglai.com/emailAddress=yanyinglai@qq.com
        Validity
            Not Before: Aug 31 03:27:38 2018 GMT
            Not After : Aug 31 03:27:38 2019 GMT
        Subject: C=cn, ST=hb, L=wh, O=www.yanyinglai.com, OU=www.yanyinglai.com/emailAddress=yanyinglai@qq.com

[root@yanyinglai3 CA]# mkdir certs newcerts crl
[root@yanyinglai3 CA]# touch index.txt && echo 01 > serial

客户端（nginx）生成密钥
[root@yanyinglai3 CA]# cd /usr/local/nginx/
[root@yanyinglai3 nginx]# mkd
mkdict    mkdir     mkdumprd  
[root@yanyinglai3 nginx]# mkdir ssl
[root@yanyinglai3 nginx]# cd ssl
[root@yanyinglai3 ssl]# (umask 077;openssl genrsa -out nginx.key 2048)
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus
...........+++
.................................+++
e is 65537 (0x10001)

客户端生成证书签署请求
[root@yanyinglai3 ssl]# openssl req -new -key nginx.key -days 365 -out nginx.csr
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:cn
State or Province Name (full name) []:hb
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:wh
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:www.yanyinglai.com
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:www.yanyinglai.com
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []: www.yanyinglai.com
Email Address []:yanyinglai@qq.com

Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:
An optional company name []:
[root@yanyinglai3 ssl]#  openssl ca -in ./nginx.csr -out nginx.crt -days 365
Using configuration from /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf
Check that the request matches the signature
Signature ok
The commonName field needed to be supplied and was missing
[root@yanyinglai3 ssl]# ls
nginx.crt  nginx.csr  nginx.key

编辑配置文件
[root@yanyinglai3 ~]# vi /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

   server {
        listen       443 ssl;
        server_name  www.yanyinglai.com;

        ssl_certificate      ../ssl/nginx.crt;
        ssl_certificate_key  ../ssl/nginx.key;;

        ssl_session_cache    shared:SSL:1m;
        ssl_session_timeout  5m;

        ssl_ciphers  HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
        ssl_prefer_server_ciphers  on;

        location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }
    }

}

测试语法以及加载nginx

[root@yanyinglai3 ssl]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx:configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@yanyinglai3 ssl]# nginx -s reload

在本机加入ip与网站的映射关系
html

6.13开启状态界面
开启status：
location /status {
stub_status {on | off};
allow 172.16.0.0/16;
deny all;
}
访问状态页面的方式：http://server_ip/status

[root@yanyinglai3 conf]# vim nginx.conf

        }
        location /status {
            stub_status on;
            allow 192.168.47.1;
            deny all;
        }

[root@yanyinglai3 conf]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@yanyinglai3 conf]# nginx -s reload

6.14 rewritenginx

[root@yanyinglai3 ~]# cd /usr/local/nginx/
[root@yanyinglai3 nginx]# cd html
[root@yanyinglai3 html]# ls
50x.html  index.html
[root@yanyinglai3 html]# mkdir images
[root@yanyinglai3 html]# ls
50x.html  images  index.html
[root@yanyinglai3 html]# cd images/
[root@yanyinglai3 images]# ls
[root@yanyinglai3 images]# ls
1.jpg.jpg
[root@yanyinglai3 images]# cd /usr/local/nginx/
[root@yanyinglai3 nginx]# vim conf/nginx.conf

          location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }

        location /images {
            root  html;
            index index.html;
        }

[root@yanyinglai3 nginx]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@yanyinglai3 nginx]# nginx -s reload

[root@yanyinglai3 nginx]# cd html
[root@yanyinglai3 html]# mv images imgs

[root@yanyinglai3 imgs]# mv 1.jpg.jpg 1.jpg
[root@yanyinglai3 imgs]# ls
1.jpg
[root@yanyinglai3 nginx]# vim conf/nginx.conf
         location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }

        location /images {
            root  html;
            index index.html;
            rewrite ^/images/(.*\.jpg)$ /imgs/$1 break;
        }

[root@yanyinglai3 nginx]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@yanyinglai3 nginx]# nginx -s reload

[root@yanyinglai3 nginx]# vim conf/nginx.conf
          location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }

        location /images {
            root  html;
            index index.html;
            rewrite ^/images/(.*\.jpg)$ http://www.baidu.com redirect;
        }

[root@yanyinglai3 nginx]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@yanyinglai3 nginx]# nginx  -s reload

[root@yanyinglai3 nginx]# vim conf/nginx.conf
          location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }

        location /images {
            root  html;
            index index.html;
            rewrite ^/images/(.*\.jpg)$ http://192.168.228.30/index.html redirect;

        }

[root@yanyinglai3 nginx]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@yanyinglai3 nginx]# nginx -s reload

6.15 if
语法：if (condition) {...}
应用场景：
server段
location段web

常见的condition
变量名（变量值为空串，或者以“0”开始，则为false，其它的均为true）
以变量为操做数构成的比较表达式（可以使用=，！=相似的比较操做符进行测试）
测试指定路径为文件的可能性（-f ，！-f）
测试指定路径为目录的可能性（-d ，！-d）
测试文件的存在性（-e ，！-e）
检查文件是否有执行权限（-x ，！-x）chrome

基于浏览器实现分离案例
if ($http_user_agent ~ Firefox)
rewrite ^(.*)$ /firefox/$1 break;
}apache

if ($http_user_agent ~ MSIE) {
rewrite ^(.)$ /msie/$1 break;
}
if ($http_user_agent ~ Chrome) {
rewrite ^(.)$ /chrome/$1 break;
}vim

防盗链案例
location ~* .(jpg|gif|jpeg|png)$ {
valid_referer none clocked www.idfsoft.com;
if ($invalid_referer) {
rewrite ^/ http://www.idfsoft.com/403.html;
}
}后端

6.16 反向代理与负载均衡
nginx 一般被用做后端服务器的反向代理，这样就能够很方便的实现动静分离以及负载均衡，从而大大提升服务器的处理能力。浏览器

nginx实现动静分离，其实就是在反向代理的时候，若是是静态资源，就直接从nginx发布的路径去读取，从而不须要从后台服务器获取了。缓存

可是要注意，这种状况下须要保证后端跟前段的程序保持一致，可使用rsync作服务端自动同步或者使用nfs ，mfs 分布式共享存储。服务器

http proxy 模块，功能不少，最经常使用的是proxy_pass 和 proxy_cache

若是要使用proxy_cache , 须要集成第三方的ngx_cache_purge 模块，用来清除指定的URL缓存。这个集成须要在安装nginx的时候去作，如：
./configure --add-module=../ngx_cache_purge-1.0 ......

nginx经过upstream模块来实现简单的负载均衡，upstream须要定义在http段内

在upstream段内，定义一个服务器列表，默认的方式是轮询，若是要肯定同一个访问者的请求老是由同一个后端服务器来处理，能够设置ip_hash。

注意：这个方法本质仍是轮询，并且因为客户端的ip多是不断变化的，好比动态ip，代理，×××等，所以ip_hash并不能彻底保证同一个客户端老是由同一个服务器来处理。

192.168.47.12            #下载nginx
192.168.47.2              #下载apache
192.168.47.11            #下载apache

关闭防火墙
[root@yanyinglai ~]# systemctl stop firewalld
[root@yanyinglai ~]# systemctl disable firewalld
[root@yanyinglai ~]# setenforce 0

[root@yanyinglai ~]# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt
mount: /dev/sr0 写保护，将以只读方式挂载
[root@yanyinglai ~]# vi /etc/yum.repos.d/yan.repo
[root@yanyinglai ~]# yum clean all
[root@yanyinglai yum.repos.d]# cd
[root@yanyinglai ~]# yum -y install httpd

[root@yanyinglai ~]# cd /var/www/html/     
[root@yanyinglai html]# ls
[root@yanyinglai html]# echo "123456" > index.html         #192.168.47.2服务器
[root@yanyinglai html]# systemctl start httpd
[root@yanyinglai html]# ss -antl

[root@yanyinglai ~]# cd /var/www/html/
[root@yanyinglai html]# ls
[root@yanyinglai html]# echo "456789" > index.html      #192.168.47.11服务器
[root@yanyinglai html]# systemctl start httpd
[root@yanyinglai html]# ss -antl

#192.168.47.12服务器
[root@yanyinglai3 ~]# cd /usr/local/nginx/
[root@yanyinglai3 nginx]# ls
client_body_temp  fastcgi_temp  logs        sbin       uwsgi_temp
conf              html          proxy_temp  scgi_temp
[root@yanyinglai3 nginx]# vim conf/nginx.conf

upstream web {
       server 192.168.47.2;
       server 192.168.47.11;
    }

        location / {
            proxy_pass http://web;
        }

[root@yanyinglai3 nginx]# cd
[root@yanyinglai3 ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@yanyinglai3 ~]# nginx -s reload

测试：