3.Python基础:day2

1)列表:html

列表是咱们最之后最经常使用的数据类型之一,经过列表能够对数据实现最方便的存储、修改等操做python

经过下标访问列表中的元素,下标从到右以0开始计数linux

 1 >>> names = ["Alex","Tenglan","Eric","Rain","Tom","Amy"]
 2 >>> names[1:4]  #取下标1至下标4之间的数字,包括1,不包括4
 3 ['Tenglan', 'Eric', 'Rain']
 4 >>> names[1:-1] #取下标1至-1的值,不包括-1
 5 ['Tenglan', 'Eric', 'Rain', 'Tom']
 6 >>> names[0:3] 
 7 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Eric']
 8 >>> names[:3] #若是是从头开始取,0能够忽略,跟上句效果同样
 9 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Eric']
10 >>> names[3:] #若是想取最后一个,必须不能写-1,只能这么写
11 ['Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy'] 
12 >>> names[3:-1] #这样-1就不会被包含了
13 ['Rain', 'Tom']
14 >>> names[0::2] #后面的2是表明,每隔一个元素,就取一个
15 ['Alex', 'Eric', 'Tom'] 
16 >>> names[::2] #和上句效果同样
17 ['Alex', 'Eric', 'Tom']
切片
1 >>> names
2 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Eric', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy']
3 >>> names.append("我是新来的")
4 >>> names
5 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Eric', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新来的']
追加
1 >>> names
2 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Eric', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新来的']
3 >>> names.insert(2,"强行从Eric前面插入")
4 >>> names
5 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', '强行从Eric前面插入', 'Eric', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新来的']
6 
7 >>> names.insert(5,"从eric后面插入试试新姿式")
8 >>> names
9 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', '强行从Eric前面插入', 'Eric', 'Rain', '从eric后面插入试试新姿式', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新来的']
插入
1 >>> names
2 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', '强行从Eric前面插入', 'Eric', 'Rain', '从eric后面插入试试新姿式', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新来的']
3 >>> names[2] = "该换人了"
4 >>> names
5 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', '该换人了', 'Eric', 'Rain', '从eric后面插入试试新姿式', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新来的']
修改
 1 >>> del names[2] 
 2 >>> names
 3 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Eric', 'Rain', '从eric后面插入试试新姿式', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新来的']
 4 >>> del names[4]
 5 >>> names
 6 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Eric', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新来的']
 7 >>> 
 8 >>> names.remove("Eric") #删除指定元素
 9 >>> names
10 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新来的']
11 >>> names.pop() #删除列表最后一个值 
12 '我是新来的'
13 >>> names
14 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy']
删除
1 >>> names
2 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy']
3 >>> b = [1,2,3]
4 >>> names.extend(b)
5 >>> names
6 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy', 1, 2, 3]
扩展
1 >>> names
2 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy', 1, 2, 3]
3 
4 >>> name_copy = names.copy()
5 >>> name_copy
6 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy', 1, 2, 3]
拷贝
1 >>> names
2 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Amy', 'Tom', 'Amy', 1, 2, 3]
3 >>> names.count("Amy")
4 2
统计
 1 >>> names
 2 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Amy', 'Tom', 'Amy', 1, 2, 3]
 3 >>> names.sort() #排序
 4 Traceback (most recent call last):
 5   File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
 6 TypeError: unorderable types: int() < str()   #3.0里不一样数据类型不能放在一块儿排序了,擦
 7 >>> names[-3] = '1'
 8 >>> names[-2] = '2'
 9 >>> names[-1] = '3'
10 >>> names
11 ['Alex', 'Amy', 'Amy', 'Tenglan', 'Tom', '1', '2', '3']
12 >>> names.sort()
13 >>> names
14 ['1', '2', '3', 'Alex', 'Amy', 'Amy', 'Tenglan', 'Tom']
排序
1 >>> names.reverse() #反转
2 >>> names
3 ['Tom', 'Tenglan', 'Amy', 'Amy', 'Alex', '3', '2', '1']
反转
1 >>> names
2 ['Tom', 'Tenglan', 'Amy', 'Amy', 'Alex', '3', '2', '1']
3 >>> names.index("Amy")
4 2 #只返回找到的第一个下标
获取下标

2)元组:git

元组其实跟列表差很少,也是存一组数,只不是它一旦建立,便不能再修改,因此又叫只读列表windows

定义:api

1 names = ("alex","jack","eric")

元组只有2个方法,一个是count,一个是index数组

3)字符串(不可修改)操做:服务器

 1 name.capitalize()  首字母大写
 2 name.casefold()   大写所有变小写
 3 name.center(50,"-")  输出 '---------------------Alex Li----------------------'
 4 name.count('lex') 统计 lex出现次数
 5 name.encode()  将字符串编码成bytes格式
 6 name.endswith("Li")  判断字符串是否以 Li结尾
 7  "Alex\tLi".expandtabs(10) 输出'Alex      Li', 将\t转换成多长的空格 
 8  name.find('A')  查找A,找到返回其索引, 找不到返回-1 
 9 
10 format :
11     >>> msg = "my name is {}, and age is {}"
12     >>> msg.format("alex",22)
13     'my name is alex, and age is 22'
14     >>> msg = "my name is {1}, and age is {0}"
15     >>> msg.format("alex",22)
16     'my name is 22, and age is alex'
17     >>> msg = "my name is {name}, and age is {age}"
18     >>> msg.format(age=22,name="ale")
19     'my name is ale, and age is 22'
20 format_map
21     >>> msg.format_map({'name':'alex','age':22})
22     'my name is alex, and age is 22'
23 
24 
25 msg.index('a')  返回a所在字符串的索引
26 '9aA'.isalnum()   True
27 
28 '9'.isdigit() 是否整数
29 name.isnumeric  
30 name.isprintable
31 name.isspace
32 name.istitle
33 name.isupper
34  "|".join(['alex','jack','rain'])
35 'alex|jack|rain'
36 
37 
38 maketrans
39     >>> intab = "aeiou"  #This is the string having actual characters. 
40     >>> outtab = "12345" #This is the string having corresponding mapping character
41     >>> trantab = str.maketrans(intab, outtab)
42     >>> 
43     >>> str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
44     >>> str.translate(trantab)
45     'th3s 3s str3ng 2x1mpl2....w4w!!!'
46 
47  msg.partition('is')   输出 ('my name ', 'is', ' {name}, and age is {age}') 
48 
49  >>> "alex li, chinese name is lijie".replace("li","LI",1)
50      'alex LI, chinese name is lijie'
51 
52  msg.swapcase 大小写互换
53 
54 
55  >>> msg.zfill(40)
56 '00000my name is {name}, and age is {age}'
57 
58 
59 
60 >>> n4.ljust(40,"-")
61 'Hello 2orld-----------------------------'
62 >>> n4.rjust(40,"-")
63 '-----------------------------Hello 2orld'
64 
65 
66 >>> b="ddefdsdff_哈哈" 
67 >>> b.isidentifier() #检测一段字符串能否被看成标志符,便是否符合变量命名规则
68 True
View Code

4)字典:app

字典一种key - value 的数据类型,使用就像咱们上学用的字典,经过笔划、字母来查对应页的详细内容。less

1 info = {
2     'stu1101': "TengLan Wu",
3     'stu1102': "LongZe Luola",
4     'stu1103': "XiaoZe Maliya",
5 }
语法

字典的特性:

  • 无序
  • 去重(key必须是惟一的)
1 >>> info["stu1104"] = "苍井空"
2 >>> info
3 {'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1104': '苍井空', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1101': 'TengLan Wu'}
增长
1 >>> info['stu1101'] = "武藤兰"
2 >>> info
3 {'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1101': '武藤兰'}
修改
 1 >>> info
 2 {'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1101': '武藤兰'}
 3 >>> info.pop("stu1101") #标准删除姿式
 4 '武藤兰'
 5 >>> info
 6 {'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya'}
 7 >>> del info['stu1103'] #换个姿式删除
 8 >>> info
 9 {'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola'}
10 >>> 
11 >>> 
12 >>> 
13 >>> info = {'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya'}
14 >>> info
15 {'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya'} #随机删除
16 >>> info.popitem()
17 ('stu1102', 'LongZe Luola')
18 >>> info
19 {'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya'}
删除
 1 >>> info = {'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya'}
 2 >>> 
 3 >>> "stu1102" in info #标准用法
 4 True
 5 >>> info.get("stu1102")  #获取
 6 'LongZe Luola'
 7 >>> info["stu1102"] #同上,可是看下面
 8 'LongZe Luola'
 9 >>> info["stu1105"]  #若是一个key不存在,就报错,get不会,不存在只返回None
10 Traceback (most recent call last):
11   File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
12 KeyError: 'stu1105'
查找
 1 av_catalog = {
 2     "欧美":{
 3         "www.youporn.com": ["不少免费的,世界最大的","质量通常"],
 4         "www.pornhub.com": ["不少免费的,也很大","质量比yourporn高点"],
 5         "letmedothistoyou.com": ["可能是自拍,高质量图片不少","资源很少,更新慢"],
 6         "x-art.com":["质量很高,真的很高","所有收费,屌比请绕过"]
 7     },
 8     "日韩":{
 9         "tokyo-hot":["质量怎样不清楚,我的已经不喜欢日韩范了","据说是收费的"]
10     },
11     "大陆":{
12         "1024":["所有免费,真好,好人一辈子平安","服务器在国外,慢"]
13     }
14 }
15 
16 av_catalog["大陆"]["1024"][1] += ",能够用爬虫爬下来"
17 print(av_catalog["大陆"]["1024"])
18 #ouput 
19 ['所有免费,真好,好人一辈子平安', '服务器在国外,慢,能够用爬虫爬下来']
多级字典嵌套及操做
1 #方法1
2 for key in info:
3     print(key,info[key])
4 
5 #方法2
6 for k,v in info.items(): #会先把dict转成list,数据里大时莫用
7     print(k,v)
循环字典
 1 #values 获取字典的值
 2 >>> info.values()
 3 dict_values(['LongZe Luola', 'XiaoZe Maliya'])
 4 
 5 #keys 获取字典的键
 6 >>> info.keys()
 7 dict_keys(['stu1102', 'stu1103'])
 8 
 9 
10 #setdefault 若是键不存在于字典中,将会添加键并将值设为默认值
11 >>> info.setdefault("stu1106","Alex")
12 'Alex'
13 >>> info
14 {'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1106': 'Alex'}
15 >>> info.setdefault("stu1102","龙泽萝拉")
16 'LongZe Luola'
17 >>> info
18 {'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1106': 'Alex'}
19 
20 
21 #update 更新
22 >>> info
23 {'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1106': 'Alex'}
24 >>> b = {1:2,3:4, "stu1102":"龙泽萝拉"}
25 >>> info.update(b)
26 >>> info
27 {'stu1102': '龙泽萝拉', 1: 2, 3: 4, 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1106': 'Alex'}
28 
29 #items 以列表返回可遍历的(键, 值) 元组数组
30 info.items()
31 dict_items([('stu1102', '龙泽萝拉'), (1, 2), (3, 4), ('stu1103', 'XiaoZe Maliya'), ('stu1106', 'Alex')])
32 
33 
34 #经过一个列表生成默认dict,有个没办法解释的坑,少用吧这个
35 >>> dict.fromkeys([1,2,3],'testd')
36 {1: 'testd', 2: 'testd', 3: 'testd'}
其余字典知识

5)集合:

集合是一个无序的,不重复的数据组合,主要做用以下:

  • 去重:把一个列表变成集合,就自动去重了
  • 关系测试:测试两组数据以前的交集、差集、并集等关系
 1 s = set([3,5,9,10])      #建立一个数值集合  
 2   
 3 t = set("Hello")         #建立一个惟一字符的集合  
 4 
 5 
 6 a = t | s          # t 和 s的并集  
 7   
 8 b = t & s          # t 和 s的交集  
 9   
10 c = t – s          # 求差集(项在t中,但不在s中)  
11   
12 d = t ^ s          # 对称差集(项在t或s中,但不会同时出如今两者中)  
13   
14    
15   
16 基本操做:  
17   
18 t.add('x')            # 添加一项  
19   
20 s.update([10,37,42])  # 在s中添加多项  
21   
22    
23   
24 使用remove()能够删除一项:  
25   
26 t.remove('H')  
27   
28   
29 len(s)  
30 set 的长度  
31   
32 x in s  
33 测试 x 是不是 s 的成员  
34   
35 x not in s  
36 测试 x 是否不是 s 的成员  
37   
38 s.issubset(t)  
39 s <= t  
40 测试是否 s 中的每个元素都在 t 中  
41   
42 s.issuperset(t)  
43 s >= t  
44 测试是否 t 中的每个元素都在 s 中  
45   
46 s.union(t)  
47 s | t  
48 返回一个新的 set 包含 s 和 t 中的每个元素  
49   
50 s.intersection(t)  
51 s & t  
52 返回一个新的 set 包含 s 和 t 中的公共元素  
53   
54 s.difference(t)  
55 s - t  
56 返回一个新的 set 包含 s 中有可是 t 中没有的元素  
57   
58 s.symmetric_difference(t)  
59 s ^ t  
60 返回一个新的 set 包含 s 和 t 中不重复的元素  
61   
62 s.copy()  
63 返回 set “s”的一个浅复制
集合经常使用操做

 6)文件操做:

对文件操做流程

  1. 打开文件,获得文件句柄并赋值给一个变量
  2. 经过句柄对文件进行操做
  3. 关闭文件
1 f = open('lyrics') #打开文件
2 first_line = f.readline()
3 print('first line:',first_line) #读一行
4 print('我是分隔线'.center(50,'-'))
5 data = f.read()# 读取剩下的全部内容,文件大时不要用
6 print(data) #打印文件
7  
8 f.close() #关闭文件
基本操做

打开文件的模式有:

  • r,只读模式(默认)。
  • w,只写模式。【不可读;不存在则建立;存在则删除内容;】
  • a,追加模式。【可读;   不存在则建立;存在则只追加内容;】

"+" 表示能够同时读写某个文件

  • r+,可读写文件。【可读;可写;可追加】
  • w+,写读
  • a+,同a

"U"表示在读取时,能够将 \r \n \r\n自动转换成 \n (与 r 或 r+ 模式同使用)

  • rU
  • r+U

"b"表示处理二进制文件(如:FTP发送上传ISO镜像文件,linux可忽略,windows处理二进制文件时需标注)

  • rb
  • wb
  • ab
 1 def close(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 2         """
 3         Close the file.
 4         
 5         A closed file cannot be used for further I/O operations.  close() may be
 6         called more than once without error.
 7         """
 8         pass
 9 
10     def fileno(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
11         """ Return the underlying file descriptor (an integer). """
12         pass
13 
14     def isatty(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
15         """ True if the file is connected to a TTY device. """
16         pass
17 
18     def read(self, size=-1): # known case of _io.FileIO.read
19         """
20         注意,不必定能全读回来
21         Read at most size bytes, returned as bytes.
22         
23         Only makes one system call, so less data may be returned than requested.
24         In non-blocking mode, returns None if no data is available.
25         Return an empty bytes object at EOF.
26         """
27         return ""
28 
29     def readable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
30         """ True if file was opened in a read mode. """
31         pass
32 
33     def readall(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
34         """
35         Read all data from the file, returned as bytes.
36         
37         In non-blocking mode, returns as much as is immediately available,
38         or None if no data is available.  Return an empty bytes object at EOF.
39         """
40         pass
41 
42     def readinto(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
43         """ Same as RawIOBase.readinto(). """
44         pass #不要用,没人知道它是干吗用的
45 
46     def seek(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
47         """
48         Move to new file position and return the file position.
49         
50         Argument offset is a byte count.  Optional argument whence defaults to
51         SEEK_SET or 0 (offset from start of file, offset should be >= 0); other values
52         are SEEK_CUR or 1 (move relative to current position, positive or negative),
53         and SEEK_END or 2 (move relative to end of file, usually negative, although
54         many platforms allow seeking beyond the end of a file).
55         
56         Note that not all file objects are seekable.
57         """
58         pass
59 
60     def seekable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
61         """ True if file supports random-access. """
62         pass
63 
64     def tell(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
65         """
66         Current file position.
67         
68         Can raise OSError for non seekable files.
69         """
70         pass
71 
72     def truncate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
73         """
74         Truncate the file to at most size bytes and return the truncated size.
75         
76         Size defaults to the current file position, as returned by tell().
77         The current file position is changed to the value of size.
78         """
79         pass
80 
81     def writable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
82         """ True if file was opened in a write mode. """
83         pass
84 
85     def write(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
86         """
87         Write bytes b to file, return number written.
88         
89         Only makes one system call, so not all of the data may be written.
90         The number of bytes actually written is returned.  In non-blocking mode,
91         returns None if the write would block.
92         """
93         pass
其余语法

with语句

1 with open('log','r') as f:
2      
3     ...
避免打开文件后忘记关闭,能够经过管理上下文

如此方式,当with代码块执行完毕时,内部会自动关闭并释放文件资源

Python 2.7 后,with又支持同时对多个文件的上下文进行管理,即:

1 with open('log1') as obj1, open('log2') as obj2:
2     pass

7)字符编码与转码:

1.在python2默认编码是ASCII, python3里默认是unicode

2.unicode 分为 utf-32(占4个字节),utf-16(占两个字节),utf-8(占1-4个字节), so utf-16就是如今最经常使用的unicode版本, 不过在文件里存的仍是utf-8,由于utf8省空间

3.在py3中encode,在转码的同时还会把string 变成bytes类型,decode在解码的同时还会把bytes变回string

 1 #-*-coding:utf-8-*-
 2 __author__ = 'Alex Li'
 3 
 4 import sys
 5 print(sys.getdefaultencoding())
 6 
 7 
 8 msg = "我爱北京天安门"
 9 msg_gb2312 = msg.decode("utf-8").encode("gb2312")
10 gb2312_to_gbk = msg_gb2312.decode("gbk").encode("gbk")
11 
12 print(msg)
13 print(msg_gb2312)
14 print(gb2312_to_gbk)
15 
16 in python2
In Python 2
 1 #-*-coding:gb2312 -*-   #这个也能够去掉
 2 __author__ = 'Alex Li'
 3 
 4 import sys
 5 print(sys.getdefaultencoding())
 6 
 7 
 8 msg = "我爱北京天安门"
 9 #msg_gb2312 = msg.decode("utf-8").encode("gb2312")
10 msg_gb2312 = msg.encode("gb2312") #默认就是unicode,不用再decode,喜大普奔
11 gb2312_to_unicode = msg_gb2312.decode("gb2312")
12 gb2312_to_utf8 = msg_gb2312.decode("gb2312").encode("utf-8")
13 
14 print(msg)
15 print(msg_gb2312)
16 print(gb2312_to_unicode)
17 print(gb2312_to_utf8)
18 
19 in python3
In Python 3

 

“编码与解码”详细文章:

http://www.cnblogs.com/yuanchenqi/articles/5956943.html

http://www.diveintopython3.net/strings.html

 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

以上内容参考:http://www.cnblogs.com/alex3714/articles/5717620.html

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