fabric中的链码也就是咱们区块链所认知的智能合约,fabric中可由nodejs,java,go编写,本篇只针对GO语言编写链码。将详细介绍链码编写所必须的函数以及相关功能函数。html
链码的包名指定java
// xxx.go package main
必需要引入的包node
import( "github.com/hyperledger/fabric/core/chaincode/shim" pb "github.com/hyperledger/fabric/protos/peer" //pb为别名的意思 )
链码的书写要求git
//自定义结构体,类,基于这个类实现接口函数 type Test struct{ //空着便可 }
链码API查询github
//go语言的链码包shim https://godoc.org/github.com/hyperledger/fabric-chaincode-go/shim
注意事项shell
要注意put写入的数据状态不会马上获得获取,由于put只是执行链码的模拟交易,并不会真正将状态保存在帐本中,必须通过orderer达成共识以后,将数据状态保存在区块中,而后保存在各peer节点的帐本中数据库
successjson
// Success ... status:200 //链码执行后返回成功信息 func Success(payload []byte) pb.Response { return pb.Response{ Status: OK, Payload: payload, } }
errorapi
// Error ...status:500 //链码执行后返回错误信息 func Error(msg string) pb.Response { return pb.Response{ Status: ERROR, Message: msg, } }
下面是编写一个链码的基本框架,由空结构体,Init函数和Invoke函数,主函数组成数组
package main //引入必要的包 import ( "fmt" "strconv" "github.com/hyperledger/fabric/core/chaincode/shim" //别名pb pb "github.com/hyperledger/fabric/protos/peer" ) // 声明一个结构体,必备,为空 type SimpleChaincode struct { } //添加Init函数 func (t *SimpleChaincode) Init(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface) pb.Response { //实现链码初始化或升级时的处理逻辑 //编写时可灵活使用stub中的API } //添加Invoke函数 func (t *SimpleChaincode) Invoke(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface) pb.Response { //实现链码运行中被调用或查询时的处理逻辑 //编写时可灵活使用stub中的API } //主函数,须要调用shim.Start()方法启动链码 func main() { err := shim.Start(new(SimpleChaincode)) if err != nil { fmt.Printf("Error starting Simple chaincode: %s", err) } }
Init方法是系统初始化方法,当执行命令
peer chaincode instantiate
实例化chaincode时会调用该方法,同时命令中-c
选项后面内容为会做为参数传入Init
方法中。
#shell 命令 $ peer chaincode instantiate -o orderer.example.com:7050 -C $CHANNEL_NAME -n mycc -v 1.0 -c '{"Args":["init","a","100", "b", "100"]}'
Args中共有5个参数,第一个为固定值,后面4个为参数,若是传入数据太多,能够采用json等数据格式
func (t *SimpleChaincode) Init(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface) pb.Response { _ ,args := stub.GetFunctionAndParameters() return shim.Success ([]byte("success init!!!")) }
Invoke方法的主要做用为写入数据,好比发起交易等,在执行命令
peer chaincode invoke
时系统会调用该方法,并把-c
后的参数传入invoke方法中。
参数原理和init相似
含义:调用链码时须要给被调用的目标函数/方法传递参数,与参数解析相关的API 提供了获取这些参数(包括被调用的目标函数/方法名称)的方法
GetFunctionAndParameters()
//源码 func (s *ChaincodeStub) GetFunctionAndParameters() (function string, params []string) { allargs := s.GetStringArgs() function = "" params = []string{} if len(allargs) >= 1 { //返回时第一个为函数名,后面为其余参数 function = allargs[0] params = allargs[1:] } return } //执行命令 peer chaincode invoke -o orderer.example.com:7050 -C $CHANNEL_NAME -n mycc -v 1.0 -c '{"Args":["invoke","a", "b", "10"]}' //示例代码 func (t *SimpleChaincode) Invoke(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface) pb.Response { _ ,args := stub.GetFunctionAndParameters() //获取执行命令中的参数a,b,10 var a_parm = args[0] var b_parm = args[1] var c_parm = args[2] return shim.Success ([]byte("success invoke!!!")) }
含义:该类型API提供了对帐本数据状态进行操做的方法,包括对状态数据的查询以及事务处理
GetState(key string) ([]byte, error) :根据指定的key查询相应的数据状态
func (s *ChaincodeStub) GetState(key string) ([]byte, error) { // Access public data by setting the collection to empty string collection := "" return s.handler.handleGetState(collection, key, s.ChannelID, s.TxID) } //示例代码 func (t *SimpleChaincode) Invoke(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface) pb.Response { keyvalue, err := stub.GetState("user1") return shim.Success(keyvalue) }
PutState(key string, value []byte) error:根据指定的key,将相应的value保存在分类帐本中
func (s *ChaincodeStub) PutState(key string, value []byte) error { if key == "" { return errors.New("key must not be an empty string") } // Access public data by setting the collection to empty string collection := "" return s.handler.handlePutState(collection, key, value, s.ChannelID, s.TxID) } //示例代码 func (t *SimpleChaincode) Invoke(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface) pb.Response { stub.PutState("user1",[]byte("putvalue")) return shim.Success([]byte("sucess invoke putstate")) }
DelState(key string) error:根据指定的key将对应的数据状态删除
func (s *ChaincodeStub) DelState(key string) error { // Access public data by setting the collection to empty string collection := "" return s.handler.handleDelState(collection, key, s.ChannelID, s.TxID) } func (t *SimpleChaincode) Invoke(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface) pb.Response { err :=stub.DelState("user1") return shim.Success("delete success") }
GetStateByRange(startKey, endKey string) (StateQueryIteratorInterface, error):根据指定的开始key和结束key,查询范围内的全部数据状态,注意,结束key对应的数据状态不包含在返回的结果集中
func (s *ChaincodeStub) GetStateByRange(startKey, endKey string) (StateQueryIteratorInterface, error) { if startKey == "" { startKey = emptyKeySubstitute } if err := validateSimpleKeys(startKey, endKey); err != nil { return nil, err } collection := "" // ignore QueryResponseMetadata as it is not applicable for a range query without pagination iterator, _, err := s.handleGetStateByRange(collection, startKey, endKey, nil) return iterator, err } //示例代码 func (t *SimpleChaincode) Invoke(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface) pb.Response { startKey = "startKey" endKey = "endKey" //根据范围查询,获得StateQueryIteratorInterface迭代器接口 keyIter , err := stub.getStateByRange(startKey,endKey) //关闭迭代器接口 defer keyIter.close() var keys []string for keyIter.HasNext(){ //若是有下一个节点 //获得下一个键值对 response, iterErr := keysIter.Next() if iterErr != nil{ return shim.Error(fmt.Sprintf("find an error %s",iterErr)) } keys = append(keys,response.Key) //存储键值到数组中 } //遍历key数组 for key, value := range keys{ fmt.Printf("key %d contains %s",key ,value) } //编码keys数组为json格式 jsonKeys ,err = json.Marshal(keys) if err != nil{ return shim.Error(fmt.Sprintf("data marshal json error: %s",err)) } //将编码以后的json字符串传递给客户端 return shim.Success(jsonKeys) }
GetHistoryForKey(key string) (HistoryQueryIteratorInterface, error):根据指定的key查询全部的历史记录信息
func (s *ChaincodeStub) GetHistoryForKey(key string) (HistoryQueryIteratorInterface, error) { response, err := s.handler.handleGetHistoryForKey(key, s.ChannelID, s.TxID) if err != nil { return nil, err } return &HistoryQueryIterator{CommonIterator: &CommonIterator{s.handler, s.ChannelID, s.TxID, response, 0}}, nil } //示例代码 func (t *SimpleChaincode) Invoke(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface) pb.Response { keyIter , err := stub.GetHistoryForKey("user1") if err != nil{ return shim.Error(fmt.Sprintf("GetHistoryForKey error: %s",err)) } //关闭迭代器接口 defer keyIter.close() var keys []string for keyIter.HasNext(){ //若是有下一个节点 //获得下一个键值对 response, iterErr := keysIter.Next() if iterErr != nil{ return shim.Error(fmt.Sprintf("find an error %s",iterErr)) } //交易编号 txid := response.TxId //交易的值 txvalue = response.Value //当前交易的状态 txstatus = response.IsDelete //交易发生的时间戳 txtimestamp = response.Timestamp keys = append(keys,txid) //存储键值到数组中 } //编码keys数组为json格式 jsonKeys ,err = json.Marshal(keys) if err != nil{ return shim.Error(fmt.Sprintf("data marshal json error: %s",err)) } //将编码以后的json字符串传递给客户端 return shim.Success(jsonKeys) }
CreateCompositeKey(objectType string, attributes []string) (string, error):建立一个复合键
func (s *ChaincodeStub) CreateCompositeKey(objectType string, attributes []string) (string, error) { return CreateCompositeKey(objectType, attributes) } func CreateCompositeKey(objectType string, attributes []string) (string, error) { if err := validateCompositeKeyAttribute(objectType); err != nil { return "", err } ck := compositeKeyNamespace + objectType + string(minUnicodeRuneValue) for _, att := range attributes { if err := validateCompositeKeyAttribute(att); err != nil { return "", err } ck += att + string(minUnicodeRuneValue) } return ck, nil }
SplitCompositeKey(compositeKey string) (string, []string, error):对指定的复合键进行分割
func (s *ChaincodeStub) SplitCompositeKey(compositeKey string) (string, []string, error) { return splitCompositeKey(compositeKey) } func splitCompositeKey(compositeKey string) (string, []string, error) { componentIndex := 1 components := []string{} for i := 1; i < len(compositeKey); i++ { if compositeKey[i] == minUnicodeRuneValue { components = append(components, compositeKey[componentIndex:i]) componentIndex = i + 1 } } return components[0], components[1:], nil }
GetQueryResult(query string) (StateQueryIteratorInterface, error) :对状态数据库进行富查询,目前支持富查询的只有CouchDB
func (s *ChaincodeStub) GetQueryResult(query string) (StateQueryIteratorInterface, error) { // Access public data by setting the collection to empty string collection := "" // ignore QueryResponseMetadata as it is not applicable for a rich query without pagination iterator, _, err := s.handleGetQueryResult(collection, query, nil) return iterator, err }
InvokeChaincode(chaincodeName string, args [][]byte, channel string):调用其余链码
//链码名,传递参数,通道名 func (s *ChaincodeStub) InvokeChaincode(chaincodeName string, args [][]byte, channel string) pb.Response { // Internally we handle chaincode name as a composite name if channel != "" { chaincodeName = chaincodeName + "/" + channel } return s.handler.handleInvokeChaincode(chaincodeName, args, s.ChannelID, s.TxID) } //示例代码 func (t *SimpleChaincode) Invoke(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface) pb.Response { //设置参数,a向b转帐11 trans := [][]byte{[]byte("invoke"),[]byte("a"),[]byte("b"),[]byte("11")} //调用chaincode response := stub.InvokeChaincode("mycc",trans,"mychannel") //判断是否操做成功 if response.Status != shim.OK { errStr := fmt.Sprintf("Invoke failed ,error : %s ", response.Payload) return shim.Error(errStr) } return shim.Success([]byte"转帐成功") }
含义:获取提交的交易信息的相关API
GetTxID() string :返回交易提案中指定的交易ID
func (s *ChaincodeStub) GetTxID() string { return s.TxID }
GetChannelID() string:返回交易提案中指定通道的ID
func (s *ChaincodeStub) GetChannelID() string { return s.ChannelID }
GetTxTimestamp() (*timestamp.Timestamp, error):返回交易建立的时间戳,这个时间戳时peer接收到交易的具体时间
func (s *ChaincodeStub) GetTxTimestamp() (*timestamp.Timestamp, error) { hdr := &common.Header{} if err := proto.Unmarshal(s.proposal.Header, hdr); err != nil { return nil, fmt.Errorf("error unmarshaling Header: %s", err) } chdr := &common.ChannelHeader{} if err := proto.Unmarshal(hdr.ChannelHeader, chdr); err != nil { return nil, fmt.Errorf("error unmarshaling ChannelHeader: %s", err) } return chdr.GetTimestamp(), nil }
GetBinding() ([]byte, error):返回交易的绑定信息,如一些临时性信息,以免重复性攻击
func (s *ChaincodeStub) GetBinding() ([]byte, error) { return s.binding, nil }
GetSignedProposal() (*pb.SignedProposal, error):返回与交易提案相关的签名身份信息
func (s *ChaincodeStub) GetSignedProposal() (*pb.SignedProposal, error) { return s.signedProposal, nil }
GetCreator
GetCreator() ([]byte, error) :返回该交易提交者的身份信息
func (s *ChaincodeStub) GetCreator() ([]byte, error) { return s.creator, nil }
GetTransient() (map[string][]byte, error):返回交易中不会被写至帐本中的一些临时性信息
func (s *ChaincodeStub) GetTransient() (map[string][]byte, error) { return s.transient, nil }
含义:与事件处理相关的API
SetEvent(name string, payload []byte) error:设置事件,包括事件名称和内容
// SetEvent documentation can be found in interfaces.go func (s *ChaincodeStub) SetEvent(name string, payload []byte) error { if name == "" { return errors.New("event name can not be empty string") } s.chaincodeEvent = &pb.ChaincodeEvent{EventName: name, Payload: payload} return nil }
含义:hyperledger fabric在1.2.0版本中新增的对私有数据操做的相关API
//根据指定key,从指定的私有数据集中查询对应的私有数据 func (s *ChaincodeStub) GetPrivateData(collection string, key string) ([]byte, error) //根据给定的部分组合键的集合,查询给定的私有状态 func (s *ChaincodeStub) GetPrivateDataByPartialCompositeKey(collection, objectType string, attributes []string) (StateQueryIteratorInterface, error) //根据指定的开始key和结束key查询范围内的私有数据(不包括结束key) func (s *ChaincodeStub) GetPrivateDataByRange(collection, startKey, endKey string) (StateQueryIteratorInterface, error) //根据指定的查询字符串执行富查询 func (s *ChaincodeStub) GetPrivateDataQueryResult(collection, query string) (StateQueryIteratorInterface, error) //将指定的key与value保存到私有数据集中 func (s *ChaincodeStub) PutPrivateData(collection string, key string, value []byte) error //根据key删除相应数据 func (s *ChaincodeStub) DelPrivateData(collection string, key string) error
背书的过程就是一笔交易被确认的过程,而背书策略就是用来指示相关的参与方如何对交易进行确认。背书策略的设置是经过部署链码实例化时
instantiate
命令中的-P
参数来设置的
peer chaincode instantiate -o orderer.example.com:7050 --tls --cafile /opt/gopath/src/github.com/hyperledger/fabric/peer/crypto/ordererOrganizations/example.com/orderers/orderer.example.com/msp/tlscacerts/tlsca.example.com-cert.pem -C $CHANNEL_NAME -n mycc -v 1.0 -c '{"Args":["init","a", "100", "b","200"]}' -P "AND ('Org1MSP.member','Org2MSP.member')"
此命令表示须要组织1和组织2中任意一个用户共同来参与交易的确认而且赞成,这样的交易才能生效并被记录到去区块链中
#也能够指定背书节点,使用peerAddresses来指定背书节点 peer chaincode invoke -o orderer.example.com:7050 --tls true --cafile /opt/gopath/src/github.com/hyperledger/fabric/peer/crypto/ordererOrganizations/example.com/orderers/orderer.example.com/msp/tlscacerts/tlsca.example.com-cert.pem -C $CHANNEL_NAME -n mycc --peerAddresses peer0.org1.example.com:7051 --tlsRootCertFiles /opt/gopath/src/github.com/hyperledger/fabric/peer/crypto/peerOrganizations/org1.example.com/peers/peer0.org1.example.com/tls/ca.crt --peerAddresses peer0.org2.example.com:9051 --tlsRootCertFiles /opt/gopath/src/github.com/hyperledger/fabric/peer/crypto/peerOrganizations/org2.example.com/peers/peer0.org2.example.com/tls/ca.crt -c '{"Args":["invoke","a","b","10"]}'
背书规则示例1
#须要组织中任意用户共同参与背书 "AND ('Org1MSP.member', 'Org2MSP.member')"
背书规则示例2
#只要组织中任意一个用户验证便可 "OR ('Org1MSP.member', 'Org2MSP.member')"
背书规则示例3
#两种方法让交易生效 # 一、组织1中有成员验证成功 # 二、组织2和组织3中有成员共同参与验证成功 "OR ('Org1MSP.member', AND ('Org2MSP.member', 'Org3MSP.member'))"
注意:背书规则只针对写入数据的操做进行校验,对于查询类的背书不操做
设计了一个链码,实现了资产管理,转帐交易的功能,主要实现了如下几个函数
init函数
初始化链码,设定帐户名称及资产额度
invoke函数
实现函数的识别,并转到不一样的函数功能
del函数
删除帐户
find函数
查看帐户额度
set函数
根据帐户名称设定要存入的金额
get函数
根据帐户名称设定要取出的金额
package main import ( "fmt" "github.com/hyperledger/fabric/core/chaincode/shim" "github.com/hyperledger/fabric/protos/peer" "strconv" ) type AssetChaincode struct { //empty } //Init function func (t *AssetChaincode) Init(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface) peer.Response { _, args := stub.GetFunctionAndParameters() if len(args) != 4 { return shim.Error("Must four initialization parameters, representing name and money ,respectively") } var a = args[0] var acount = args[1] var b = args[2] var bcount = args[3] if len(a) < 2 { return shim.Error("the length of name must not less than 2") } if len(b) < 2 { return shim.Error("the length of name must not less than 2") } _, err := strconv.Atoi(acount) if err != nil { return shim.Error(a + " account is false") } _, err = strconv.Atoi(bcount) if err != nil { return shim.Error(b + " account is false") } err = stub.PutState(a, []byte(acount)) if err != nil { return shim.Error(a + " Occuring error when saving the data") } err = stub.PutState(b, []byte(bcount)) if err != nil { return shim.Error(b + " Occuring error when saving the data") } return shim.Success([]byte("Init success")) } //Invoke function func (t *AssetChaincode) Invoke(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface) peer.Response { fun, args := stub.GetFunctionAndParameters() if fun == "set" { return set(stub, args) } else if fun == "get" { return get(stub, args) } else if fun == "payment" { return payment(stub, args) } else if fun == "del" { return del(stub, args) } else if fun == "find" { return find(stub, args) } return shim.Error("not have this ability") } //find function func find(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface, args []string) peer.Response { if len(args) != 1 { return shim.Error("the number of parameters must one") } result, err := stub.GetState(args[0]) if err != nil { return shim.Error("occor error when reading the data") } if result == nil { return shim.Error("no data by the key") } return shim.Success(result) } //payment function func payment(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface, args []string) peer.Response { if len(args) != 3 { return shim.Error("payment format error") } var source, target string source = args[0] target = args[1] asset, err := strconv.Atoi(args[2]) if err != nil { return shim.Error("transfer amount atoi failed") } sourceS, err := stub.GetState(source) if err != nil { return shim.Error("query source asset failed") } targetS, err := stub.GetState(target) if err != nil { return shim.Error("query target asset failed") } sourceasset, err := strconv.Atoi(string(sourceS)) if err != nil { return shim.Error("source asset transform int failed") } targetasset, err := strconv.Atoi(string(targetS)) if err != nil { return shim.Error("target asset transform int failed") } if sourceasset < asset { return shim.Error("source asset don't have enough balance") } sourceasset -= asset targetasset += asset err = stub.PutState(source, []byte(strconv.Itoa(sourceasset))) if err != nil { return shim.Error("after save payment soure asset failed") } err = stub.PutState(target, []byte(strconv.Itoa(targetasset))) if err != nil { return shim.Error("after save payment target asset failed") } return shim.Success([]byte("payment success")) } //delete function func del(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface, args []string) peer.Response { if len(args)!=1{ return shim.Error("elete account format error") } err := stub.DelState(args[0]) if err!= nil{ return shim.Error("delete account error") } return shim.Success([]byte("delete account success"+args[0])) } //set function func set(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface, args []string) peer.Response { if len(args) != 2 { return shim.Error("set account asset format error") } result, err := stub.GetState(args[0]) if err != nil { return shim.Error("occor error when reading the data") } if result == nil { return shim.Error("no data by the key") } asset,err := strconv.Atoi(string(result)) if err!= nil{ return shim.Error("transfrom account balance error") } val,err := strconv.Atoi(string(args[1])) if err!= nil{ return shim.Error("transfrom set balance error") } val += asset err = stub.PutState(args[0],[]byte(strconv.Itoa(val))) if err != nil { return shim.Error("save balance error") } return shim.Success([]byte("set asset success!")) } //get function func get(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface, args []string) peer.Response { if len(args) != 2 { return shim.Error("t account asset format error") } result, err := stub.GetState(args[0]) if err != nil { return shim.Error("occor error when reading the data") } if result == nil { return shim.Error("no data by the key") } asset,err := strconv.Atoi(string(result)) if err!= nil{ return shim.Error("transfrom account balance error") } val,err := strconv.Atoi(string(args[1])) if err!= nil{ return shim.Error("transfrom set balance error") } if asset<val{ return shim.Error("not have enough asset") } asset -= val err = stub.PutState(args[0],[]byte(strconv.Itoa(asset))) if err != nil { return shim.Error("save balance error") } return shim.Success([]byte("get asset success!")) } //main function func main() { err := shim.Start(new(AssetChaincode)) if err != nil { fmt.Printf("start assetchaincode error!,the message is :%s", err) } }