自从block出现以后,不少API都开始采用这样的结构,因而可知,block确实有许多优点存在,这里将一些简单用法总结以下:dom
1、如何声明一个block变量ide
咱们经过^符号来声明block类型,形式以下:函数
void (^myBlock)();指针
其中第一个void是返回值,能够是任意类型,中间括号中^后面的是这个block变量的名字,我把它命名为myBlock,最后一个括号中是参数,若是多参数,能够写成以下样式:code
int (^myBlock)(int,int);对象
一样,你也能够给参数起名字:内存
int (^myBlock)(int a,int b);作用域
不少时候,咱们须要将咱们声明的block类型做为函数的参数,也有两种方式:get
一、-(void)func:(int (^)(int a,int b))block;编译器
第二种方式是经过typedef定义一种新的类型,这也是大多数状况下采用的方式:
二、typedef int (^myBlock)(int a,int b) ;
-(void)func:(myBlock)block ;
2、如何实现一个block
既然block能够被声明为变量,那么就必定能够实现它,就像其余类型变量的赋值。我本身对block的理解为它是一断代码块,因此给它赋值赋即是一段代码段:
typedef int (^myBlock)(int,int) ; @interface ViewController () { myBlock block1; } @end @implementation ViewController - (void)viewDidLoad { [super viewDidLoad]; // Do any additional setup after loading the view, typically from a nib. block1 =^(int a, int b){ return a+b; }; NSLog(@"%d",block1(1,1)); }
这里打印的结果是2,从这里能够发现block和函数的功能很像。
注意:一、在上面的代码里 block1是一个对象,若是直接打印将打印对象地址
二、block(),加上后面的括号才是执行block语句块
3、block中访问对象的微妙关系
一、若是你在一个block块中仅仅访问对象,而不是对他进行修改操做,是没有任何问题的:
- (void)viewDidLoad { [super viewDidLoad]; // Do any additional setup after loading the view, typically from a nib. int tem=2; block1 = ^(int a,int b){ int count= tem+1; return count; }; NSLog(@"%d",block1(1,1)); }
而若是我在block块中直接修改,编译器会报错:
block1 = ^(int a,int b){ tem+=1; return tem+1; };
为何会出现这样的状况,根据猜想,多是block内部将访问的变量都备份了一份,若是咱们在内部修改,外部的变量并不会被修改,咱们能够经过打印变量的地址来证实这一点:
- (void)viewDidLoad { [super viewDidLoad]; int tem=2; NSLog(@"%p",&tem); block1 = ^(int a,int b){ NSLog(@"%p",&tem); return tem+1; }; NSLog(@"%d",block1(1,1)); }
打印结果以下:
能够看出,变量的地址已经改变。
二、__block 作了什么
为了能够在block块中访问并修改外部变量,咱们常会把变量声明成__block类型,经过上面的原理,能够发现,其实这个关键字只作了一件事,若是在block中访问没有添加这个关键字的变量,会访问到block本身拷贝的那一份变量,它是在block建立的时候建立的,而访问加了这个关键字的变量,则会访问这个变量的地址所对应的变量。咱们能够经过代码来证实:
- (void)viewDidLoad { [super viewDidLoad]; // Do any additional setup after loading the view, typically from a nib. int tem=2; block1 = ^(int a,int b){ return tem+a+b; }; tem=4; NSLog(@"%d",block1(1,1)); block1 = ^(int a,int b){ return tem+a+b; }; __block int tem2=2; tem2=4; NSLog(@"%d",block1(1,1)); }
结果:
三、一点点扩展
由此,咱们能够理解,若是block中操做的对象是指针,那么直接能够进行修改,这包括OC对象,若是不是,则须要用__block关键字修饰。
四、关于引用计数
在block中访问的对象,会默认retain:
UIImage * number; number = [[UIImage alloc]init] ; NSLog(@"%ld",CFGetRetainCount((__bridge CFTypeRef)number)); block1 = ^(int a,int b){ NSLog(@"%ld",CFGetRetainCount((__bridge CFTypeRef)number)); }; NSLog(@"%ld",CFGetRetainCount((__bridge CFTypeRef)number));
结果以下:
而添加__block的对象不会被retain;
注意:若是咱们访问类的成员变量,或者经过类方法来访问对象,那么这些对象不会被retain,而类对象会被return,最多见的时self:
typedef void(^myBlock)(int,int) ; @interface ViewController2 () { myBlock block1; __block UIImage * number; } @end @implementation ViewController2 -(void)dealloc{ NSLog(@"dealloc %@",self.class); NSLog(@"%ld",CFGetRetainCount((__bridge CFTypeRef)number)); } - (void)viewDidLoad { [super viewDidLoad]; self.view.backgroundColor=[UIColor whiteColor]; number = [[UIImage alloc]init] ; NSLog(@"%ld",CFGetRetainCount((__bridge CFTypeRef)number)); block1 = ^(int a,int b){ NSLog(@"%ld",CFGetRetainCount((__bridge CFTypeRef)number)); }; //block1(1,1); NSLog(@"%ld",CFGetRetainCount((__bridge CFTypeRef)number)); UIButton * btn = [UIButton buttonWithType:UIButtonTypeCustom]; btn.frame=CGRectMake(100, 100, 100, 100); btn.backgroundColor=[UIColor redColor]; [self.view addSubview:btn]; [btn addTarget:self action:@selector(click) forControlEvents:UIControlEventTouchUpInside]; } -(void)click{ [self dismissViewControllerAnimated:YES completion:nil]; }
打印结果:
能够看出,UIImage对象没有被retain,而self也将循环引用,形成内存泄露。解决方法以下:
number = [[UIImage alloc]init] ; NSLog(@"%ld",CFGetRetainCount((__bridge CFTypeRef)number)); UIImage * im = number; block1 = ^(int a,int b){ NSLog(@"%ld",CFGetRetainCount((__bridge CFTypeRef)im)); }; NSLog(@"%ld",CFGetRetainCount((__bridge CFTypeRef)number));
打印结果:
注意:根据这个机制,若是咱们将block用来传值,在block不用时,务必要置为nil,而在实现block的方法里,务必要释放;咱们经过代码来解释:
首先,建立三个ViewController,为ViewController1,ViewController2,ViewController3;
一、在ViewController1中建立一个按钮,跳转ViewController2
二、在ViewController2中:
#import "ViewController2.h" #import "ViewController3.h" @interface ViewController2 () { UIButton * im; } @end @implementation ViewController3 -(void)dealloc{ NSLog(@"dealloc %@",self.class); } - (void)viewDidLoad { [super viewDidLoad]; UIButton * btn = [UIButton buttonWithType:UIButtonTypeCustom]; btn.frame=CGRectMake(300, 300, 100, 100); btn.backgroundColor=[UIColor redColor]; [btn addTarget:self action:@selector(click) forControlEvents:UIControlEventTouchUpInside]; [self.view addSubview:btn]; im = [[UIButton alloc]initWithFrame:CGRectMake(100, 100, 100, 100)]; im.backgroundColor=[UIColor blackColor]; [im addTarget:self action:@selector(rele) forControlEvents:UIControlEventTouchUpInside]; [self.view addSubview:im]; } -(void)rele{ [self dismissViewControllerAnimated:YES completion:nil]; } -(void)click{ ViewController3 * con = [[ViewController3 alloc]init]; [con setBlock:^{ im.backgroundColor=[UIColor colorWithRed:arc4random()%255/255.0 green:arc4random()%255/255.0 blue:arc4random()%255/255.0 alpha:1]; }]; [self presentViewController:con animated:YES completion:nil]; }
三、在ViewController3中:
#import "ViewController3.h" void (^myBlock)(); @implementation ViewController3 -(void)setBlock:(void(^)())block{ myBlock = [block copy]; } -(void)dealloc{ NSLog(@"dealloc %@",self.class); } - (void)viewDidLoad { [super viewDidLoad]; self.view.backgroundColor=[UIColor whiteColor]; myBlock(); UIButton * btn = [UIButton buttonWithType:UIButtonTypeCustom]; btn.frame=CGRectMake(100, 100, 100, 100); btn.backgroundColor=[UIColor redColor]; [self.view addSubview:btn]; [btn addTarget:self action:@selector(click) forControlEvents:UIControlEventTouchUpInside]; } -(void)click{ [self dismissViewControllerAnimated:YES completion:nil]; }
经过打印信息,咱们会发现,ViewController2不被释放,缘由是其成员变量im被block中retain没有释放,咱们这样作:
@interface ViewController2 () { UIButton * im; ViewController3 * tem; } -(void)rele{ [tem setBlock:nil]; [self dismissViewControllerAnimated:YES completion:nil]; } -(void)click{ ViewController3 * con = [[ViewController2 alloc]init]; tem=con; [con setBlock:^{ im.backgroundColor=[UIColor colorWithRed:arc4random()%255/255.0 green:arc4random()%255/255.0 blue:arc4random()%255/255.0 alpha:1]; }]; [self presentViewController:con animated:YES completion:nil]; }
这样就解决了内存问题。
4、关于block的做用域
应避免将花括号中的block用于外面,若是须要,你能够将这个block声明为全局的。
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