java----NIO

IO 面向流,堵塞

管道能够理解为水管,能够直接运输水流(字节数据)java

 

 

 

NIO  面向缓冲区,非堵塞

管道能够理解铁路,须要依赖火车(缓冲区)才能运输数据。linux

 

 

 

Java NIO系统的核心在于:通道/管道(Channel)和缓冲区(Buffer)。通道表示打开到I0设备(例如:文件、套接字)的链接。若须要使用NIO系统,须要获取用于链接I0设备的通道以及用于容纳数据的缓冲区。而后操做缓冲区,对数据进行处理。简而言之,Channel负责传输,Buffer负责存储编程

 

缓冲区

概念

缓冲区就是数组,用户存储不一样数据类型的数据,根据数据类型不一样(boolean除外),提供了相应类型的缓冲区
  ByteBuffer
  CharBuffer
  ShortBuffer
  IntBuffer
  LongBuffer
  FloatBuffer
  DoubleBuffer
上述缓冲区的管理方式几乎一致,经过allocate()获取缓冲区,缓冲区存储数据的连个核心方法 put()、get()windows

缓冲区中的四个核心属性:

capacity:容量,表示缓冲区中最大存储数据的容量。一旦声明不能改变。
limit:   界限,表示缓冲区中能够操做数据的大小。(limit后数据不能进行读写)
position:位置,表示缓冲区中正在操做数据的位置。
mark:标记,表示记录当前position的位置。能够经过reset()恢复到mark的位置
0<=mark<=position<=limit<=capacity

 

基本操做

public class Main {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        //test1();
        test2();
    }
    public static void test1(){
        ByteBuffer byteBuffer= ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);

        System.out.println("-----allocate-----");
        System.out.println(byteBuffer.position());
        System.out.println(byteBuffer.limit());
        System.out.println(byteBuffer.capacity());

        byteBuffer.put("abcde".getBytes());
        System.out.println("-----put()-----");
        System.out.println(byteBuffer.position());
        System.out.println(byteBuffer.limit());
        System.out.println(byteBuffer.capacity());

        //切换读取模式
        byteBuffer.flip();

        System.out.println("-----flip()-----");
        System.out.println(byteBuffer.position());
        System.out.println(byteBuffer.limit());
        System.out.println(byteBuffer.capacity());

        System.out.println("-----get()-----");
        byte[] bytes = new byte[byteBuffer.limit()];
        byteBuffer.get(bytes);//若是bytes的空间大于byteBuffer.limit(),会报错
        System.out.println(new String(bytes,0,byteBuffer.limit()));

        System.out.println(byteBuffer.position());
        System.out.println(byteBuffer.limit());
        System.out.println(byteBuffer.capacity());

        //可重复读取数据
        byteBuffer.rewind();
        System.out.println("-----rewind()-----");
        System.out.println(byteBuffer.position());
        System.out.println(byteBuffer.limit());
        System.out.println(byteBuffer.capacity());

        //清空缓冲区(缓冲区的数据并无真正意义上的清空,但处于被遗忘的状态)
        byteBuffer.clear();
        System.out.println("-----clear()-----");
        System.out.println(byteBuffer.position());
        System.out.println(byteBuffer.limit());
        System.out.println(byteBuffer.capacity());
    }
    public static void test2(){
        ByteBuffer byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);
        byteBuffer.put("abcde".getBytes());
        byteBuffer.flip();
        byte[] bytes = new byte[5];
        byteBuffer.get(bytes, 0, 2);
        byteBuffer.mark();
        System.out.println(new String(bytes,0,2));
        System.out.println(byteBuffer.position());
        byteBuffer.get(bytes, 0, 2);
        //position又回到了mark标记的配置
        byteBuffer.reset();
        byteBuffer.get(bytes, 0, 2);
        System.out.println(new String(bytes,0,2));
        System.out.println(byteBuffer.position());
    }
}

  

直接缓冲区和非直接缓冲区

非直接缓冲区:经过allocate()方法分配缓冲区,将缓冲区创建在JVM的内存中数组

直接缓冲区:经过allocateDirect()方法分配直接缓冲区,将缓冲区创建在物理内存中。能够提升效率缓存

 

 

 

 

内核空间与用户空间
内核空间主要指操做系统用于程序调度、虚拟内存的使用或者链接硬件资源等的程序逻辑。为了保证操做系统的稳定向,运行在操做系统中的用户进程不能访问操做系统所使用的内存空间。若是用户程须要访问硬件资源,如网络链接等,能够调用操做系统提供的接口来实现,这个接口的调用其实也是系统调用。每次系统调用都会存在两个内存空间的切换,一般的网络传输也是一次系统调用,经过网络传输的数据先是从内核空间从远程主机接受数据,而后再从内核空间复制到用户空间,供程序使用。这种复制手段很费时,虽然包住了程序运行时的安全性与稳定性,可是也牺牲了部分效率。如今linux系统上提供了sendfile文件传输方式来减小这种复制方式的成本。
内核空间和用户空间大小分配也是个须要权衡的问题,若是是一台登陆服务器要分配更多的内核空间,由于没有个登陆用户操做系统都会初始化一个用户进程,这个进程大部分在内核空间运行。当前windows内核:用户为1:1(也就是大约2G内核空间,2G用户空间),linux为1:3。安全

补充参考:https://blog.csdn.net/u012129558/article/details/82878994服务器

 

通道

DMA技术的重要性在于,利用它进行数据传送时不须要CPU的参与。每台电脑主机板上都有DMA控制器,一般计算机对其编程,并用一个适配器上的ROM(如软盘驱动控制器上的ROM)来储存程序,这些程序控制DMA传送数据。一旦控制器初始化完成,数据开始传送,DMA就能够脱离CPU,独立完成数据传送。网络

参考:https://baike.baidu.com/item/DMA%E9%80%9A%E9%81%93/7492727?fr=aladdin多线程

 

通道(Channe1):用于源节点与目标节点的链接。在Java NIO中负责缓冲区中数据的传输。Channe1自己不存储数据,所以须要配合缓冲区进行传输。

通道的主要实现类

 

注意FileChannel不能切换非堵塞模式,经过上面的图能够看出SelectableChannel(监听器),下面没有FileChannel

获取通道

1.Java针对支持通道的类提供了getChanne1()方法
  本地IO:
    FileInputStream/FileOutputStream
    RandomAccessFile
  网络IO:
    Socket
    ServerSocket
    DatagramSocket
2.在JDK1.7中的NIO.2针对各个通道提供了静态方法open()
3.在JDK 1.7中的NIO.2的Files 工具类的newByteChannel()

 

一、利用通道完成文件复制(使用非直接缓存区),速度比面向流块

public static void main(String[] args) {
        String from_file = "C:\\Users\\zhengyan\\Desktop\\test1\\x.txt";
        String to_file = "C:\\Users\\zhengyan\\Desktop\\test1\\t.txt";
        copyFile(from_file,to_file);
    }
    private static void copyFile(String from_file, String to_file) {
        try {
            //建立输入文件通道
            FileChannel fcIn = new FileInputStream(from_file).getChannel();
            //建立输出文件通道
            FileChannel fcOut = new FileOutputStream(to_file).getChannel();

            //建立缓冲区
            ByteBuffer buf = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);
            while(fcIn.read(buf)!=-1){
                buf.flip();
                fcOut.write(buf);
                buf.clear();
            }
            fcIn.close();
            fcOut.close();
            System.out.println("copy successful");
        } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

二、利用通道完成文件复制(使用直接缓存区,内存映射),速度比非直接缓冲区块

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        String from_file = "C:\\Users\\zhengyan\\Desktop\\test1\\x.txt";
        String to_file = "C:\\Users\\zhengyan\\Desktop\\test1\\t.txt";
        copyFile(from_file,to_file);
    }
    private static void copyFile(String from_file, String to_file) throws IOException {
        FileChannel inchannel = FileChannel.open(Paths.get(from_file), StandardOpenOption.READ);
        FileChannel outchannel = FileChannel.open(Paths.get(to_file), StandardOpenOption.READ,StandardOpenOption.WRITE,StandardOpenOption.CREATE);

        //内存映射文件
        MappedByteBuffer inByteBuffer = inchannel.map(FileChannel.MapMode.READ_ONLY, 0, inchannel.size());
        MappedByteBuffer outByteBuffer = outchannel.map(FileChannel.MapMode.READ_WRITE, 0, inchannel.size());

        //直接对缓冲区进行数据读写操做
        byte bytes[] = new byte[1024];
        for(int i=0;i<inchannel.size();i++){
            outByteBuffer.put(inByteBuffer.get());
        }
        inchannel.close();
        outchannel.close();
    }

二、利用通道完成文件复制(使用直接缓存区,内存映射),速度比非直接缓冲区快(transferTo、transferFrom)

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        String from_file = "C:\\Users\\zhengyan\\Desktop\\test1\\x.txt";
        String to_file = "C:\\Users\\zhengyan\\Desktop\\test1\\t.txt";
        copyFile(from_file,to_file);
    }
    private static void copyFile(String from_file, String to_file) throws IOException {
        FileChannel inchannel = FileChannel.open(Paths.get(from_file), StandardOpenOption.READ);
        FileChannel outchannel = FileChannel.open(Paths.get(to_file), StandardOpenOption.READ,StandardOpenOption.WRITE,StandardOpenOption.CREATE);

        inchannel.transferTo(0,inchannel.size(),outchannel);
        inchannel.close();
        outchannel.close();
    }

分散和汇集

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
        String from_file = "C:\\Users\\zhengyan\\Desktop\\test1\\x.txt";
        String to_file = "C:\\Users\\zhengyan\\Desktop\\test1\\t.txt";
        copyFile(from_file,to_file);
    }
    private static void copyFile(String from_file, String to_file) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
        RandomAccessFile r = new RandomAccessFile(from_file, "rw");
        RandomAccessFile rw = new RandomAccessFile(to_file, "rw");
        FileChannel rChannel = r.getChannel();
        FileChannel rwChannel = rw.getChannel();

        ByteBuffer byteBuffer1 = ByteBuffer.allocate(1);
        ByteBuffer byteBuffer2 = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);

        //分散读取数据
        ByteBuffer byteBuffers[] = {byteBuffer1,byteBuffer2};
        rChannel.read(byteBuffers);
        while (rChannel.read(byteBuffers)!=-1){
            for (ByteBuffer byteBuffer:byteBuffers){
                byteBuffer.flip();
            }
            //聚合写入数据
            rwChannel.write(byteBuffers);
            for (ByteBuffer byteBuffer:byteBuffers){
                byteBuffer.clear();
            }
        }
        r.close();
        rw.close();
    }

字符集编码和解码

    private static void charsettest() throws IOException {
        Charset charset = Charset.forName("UTF-8");
        ByteBuffer estr = charset.encode("sdfsd的df");
        //estr.flip();
        CharBuffer decode = charset.decode(estr);
        System.out.println(decode.toString());

        estr.rewind();
        Charset gbk = Charset.forName("GBK");
        CharBuffer decode1 = gbk.decode(estr);
        //会出现乱码
        System.out.println(decode1.toString());
    }

  

 

NIO核心非堵塞

注意堵塞和非堵塞以及同步和异步的区别

网络过程当中IO堵塞

  假如服务器只有一个线程来处理用户请求,因为某种缘由(数据还没到达)形成线程堵塞(线程放弃了CPU执行权),此时若是有其余的用户请求,该线程就不能及时的处理该请求。传统的解决方式就是开一个线程池,多线程来处理用户请求,可是这样可能依然会形成堵塞的状况。

NIO解决非堵塞

  利用的是select选择器。将用户的请求注册到select上,select来监听全部的请求数据(经过单独的一个线程),若是请求的数据准备完毕,才将该请求任务分配到服务器的一个或者多个线程上执行。

一、使用NIO,阻塞式完成通信

服务端

//服务端
public class BlockNIOServer {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
        //获取通道
        ServerSocketChannel serverSocketChannel = ServerSocketChannel.open();
        //绑定端口
        serverSocketChannel.bind(new InetSocketAddress(8090));

        while (true){
            //获取客户端链接通道
            SocketChannel socketChannel = serverSocketChannel.accept();
            System.out.println("链接成功,等待用户发送数据");
            SocketAddress remoteAddress = socketChannel.getRemoteAddress();
            String s = remoteAddress.toString();
            String[] split = s.split(":");
            //写入本地
            String path = "C:\\Users\\zhengyan\\Desktop\\test1\\"+split[1]+".txt";
            FileChannel fileChannel = FileChannel.open(Paths.get(path), StandardOpenOption.READ, StandardOpenOption.WRITE, StandardOpenOption.CREATE);
            //接受客户端的数据而且写入文件
            ByteBuffer byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);
            while (socketChannel.read(byteBuffer)!=-1){
                byteBuffer.flip();
                fileChannel.write(byteBuffer);
                byteBuffer.clear();
            }
            //能够给客户端提供反馈信息
            byteBuffer.put("数据已经接受完毕...".getBytes());
            byteBuffer.flip();
            socketChannel.write(byteBuffer);

            fileChannel.close();
            socketChannel.close();
            System.out.println("写入数据成功....");
        }
    }
}

客户端

//客户端
public class BlockNIOClient {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
        //获取通道
        SocketChannel socketChannel = SocketChannel.open(new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", 8090));
        FileChannel fileChannel = FileChannel.open(Paths.get("C:\\Users\\zhengyan\\Desktop\\test1\\x.txt"), StandardOpenOption.READ);

        //System.out.println("模拟10秒以后发送数据...");
        //能够开启两个客户端,一个睡10秒发送数据(先请求),一个不用睡眠(后请求),发现,必须等第一个用户处理完毕以后,第二个用户才能够被处理
        //Thread.sleep(10000);

        //分配缓冲区大小
        ByteBuffer byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);
        //读取本地文件发送到服务器
        while (fileChannel.read(byteBuffer)!=-1){
            byteBuffer.flip();
            socketChannel.write(byteBuffer);
            byteBuffer.clear();
        }

        //告诉服务器,个人数据已经发送完毕
        socketChannel.shutdownOutput();

        //接受服务器返回来的消息
        StringBuffer stringBuffer = new StringBuffer();
        int len =-1;
        while ((len=socketChannel.read(byteBuffer))!=-1){
            byteBuffer.flip();
            stringBuffer.append(new String(byteBuffer.array(),0,len));
            byteBuffer.clear();
        }
        System.out.println(stringBuffer);


        socketChannel.close();
        fileChannel.close();
    }
}

一、使用NIO,非阻塞式完成通信(经过select做为监听器)

服务端

//服务端
public class BlockNIOServer {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
        //获取通道
        ServerSocketChannel serverSocketChannel = ServerSocketChannel.open();
        //切换非阻塞模式
        serverSocketChannel.configureBlocking(false);
        //绑定端口
        serverSocketChannel.bind(new InetSocketAddress(8090));

        //获取选择器
        Selector selector = Selector.open();
        //将该通道注册到select中,让select监听该通道的链接是否准备就绪
        serverSocketChannel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);

        Iterator<SelectionKey> iterator = null;
        //经过选择器轮询获取已经准备就绪的事件
        while (selector.select()>0){
            iterator = selector.selectedKeys().iterator();
            while (iterator.hasNext()){
                SelectionKey selectionKey = iterator.next();
                //若是获取的是准备链接就绪的事件
                if (selectionKey.isAcceptable()){
                    System.out.println("有客户端已经准备好链接了....");
                    //开始接受链接客户端
                    SocketChannel accept = serverSocketChannel.accept();
                    //切换非阻塞模式
                    accept.configureBlocking(false);
                    //将通道注册到selector中,让select监听该通道的数据是否准备就绪
                    accept.register(selector,SelectionKey.OP_READ);
                }
                else if (selectionKey.isReadable()){
                    SocketChannel socketChannel = (SocketChannel) selectionKey.channel();
                    Random random = new Random();
                    int i = random.nextInt(100);
                    String path = "C:\\Users\\zhengyan\\Desktop\\test1\\"+i+".txt";
                    FileChannel fileChannel = FileChannel.open(Paths.get(path), StandardOpenOption.READ, StandardOpenOption.WRITE, StandardOpenOption.CREATE);
                    ByteBuffer byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);
                    while (socketChannel.read(byteBuffer)!=-1){
                        byteBuffer.flip();
                        fileChannel.write(byteBuffer);
                        byteBuffer.clear();
                    }
                    byteBuffer.put("数据已经接受完毕...".getBytes());
                    byteBuffer.flip();
                    socketChannel.write(byteBuffer);

                    fileChannel.close();
                    socketChannel.close();
                    System.out.println("写入数据成功....");
                }
                //取消选择键
                iterator.remove();
            }
        }
    }
}

客户端

//客户端
public class BlockNIOClient {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
        //获取通道
        SocketChannel socketChannel = SocketChannel.open(new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", 8090));
        FileChannel fileChannel = FileChannel.open(Paths.get("C:\\Users\\zhengyan\\Desktop\\test1\\x.txt"), StandardOpenOption.READ);

        //System.out.println("模拟10秒以后发送数据...");
        //能够开启两个客户端,一个睡10秒发送数据(先请求),一个不用睡眠(后请求),发现,必须等第一个用户处理完毕以后,第二个用户才能够被处理
        //Thread.sleep(20000);

        //分配缓冲区大小
        ByteBuffer byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);
        //读取本地文件发送到服务器
        while (fileChannel.read(byteBuffer)!=-1){
            byteBuffer.flip();
            socketChannel.write(byteBuffer);
            byteBuffer.clear();
        }

        //告诉服务器,个人数据已经发送完毕
        socketChannel.shutdownOutput();
        //接受服务器返回来的消息
        StringBuffer stringBuffer = new StringBuffer();
        int len =-1;
        while ((len=socketChannel.read(byteBuffer))!=-1){
            byteBuffer.flip();
            stringBuffer.append(new String(byteBuffer.array(),0,len));
            byteBuffer.clear();
        }
        System.out.println(stringBuffer);

        socketChannel.close();
        fileChannel.close();
    }
}

  

使用UDP

服务端

//服务端
public class BlockNIOServer {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
        //获取通道
        DatagramChannel datagramChannel = DatagramChannel.open();
        //切换非阻塞模式
        datagramChannel.configureBlocking(false);
        //绑定端口
        datagramChannel.bind(new InetSocketAddress(8090));
        //获取选择器
        Selector selector = Selector.open();
        //只须要监听数据是否到来
        datagramChannel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_READ);

        while (selector.select()>0){
            Iterator<SelectionKey> iterator = selector.selectedKeys().iterator();
            while (iterator.hasNext()){
                SelectionKey selectionKey = iterator.next();
                if (selectionKey.isReadable()){
                    DatagramChannel channel = (DatagramChannel) selectionKey.channel();
                    ByteBuffer buf=ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);
                    channel.receive(buf);
                    buf.flip();
                    System.out.println(new String(buf.array(),0,buf.limit()));
                }
                //取消选择键
                iterator.remove();
            }
        }
    }
}

客户端

//客户端
public class BlockNIOClient {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException{
        DatagramChannel datagramChannel = DatagramChannel.open();
        ByteBuffer buf=ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);
        buf.put(new Date().toString().getBytes());
        buf.flip();
        datagramChannel.send(buf,new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1",8090));
        buf.clear();
        datagramChannel.close();
    }
}

  

管道(Pipe)

Java NIO 管道是两个线程之间的单向数据链接。Pipe有一个source通道和一个sink通道。数据会被写到sink通道,从source通道读取。

public class PipeTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
        //获取管道
        Pipe pipe = Pipe.open();
        new Thread(new MyThread1(pipe)).start();
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        new Thread(new MyThread2(pipe)).start();
    }
}

class MyThread1 implements Runnable{
    private Pipe pipe;
    public MyThread1(Pipe pipe){
        this.pipe = pipe;
    }
    @Override
    public void run() {
        Pipe.SinkChannel sink = pipe.sink();
        ByteBuffer byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);
        byteBuffer.put("ssss".getBytes());
        byteBuffer.flip();
        try {
            sink.write(byteBuffer);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        byteBuffer.clear();
    }
}

class MyThread2 implements Runnable{
    private Pipe pipe;
    public MyThread2(Pipe pipe){
        this.pipe = pipe;
    }
    @Override
    public void run() {
        ByteBuffer byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);
        Pipe.SourceChannel source = pipe.source();
        try {
            source.read(byteBuffer);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        System.out.println(new String(byteBuffer.array(),0,byteBuffer.limit()));
    }
}
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