FBV(function base views) 就是在视图里使用函数处理请求。html
CBV(class base views) 就是在视图里使用类处理请求。前端
Python是一个面向对象的编程语言,若是只用函数来开发,有不少面向对象的优势就错失了(继承、封装、多态)。因此Django在后来加入了Class-Based-View。可让咱们用类写View。这样作的优势主要下面两种:python
用函数写的话以下所示:django
from django.http import HttpResponse def my_view(request): if request.method == 'GET': return HttpResponse('OK')
用class-based view写的话以下所示:编程
from django.http import HttpResponse from django.views import View class MyView(View): def get(self, request): return HttpResponse('OK')
Django的url是将一个请求分配给可调用的函数的,而不是一个class。针对这个问题,class-based view提供了一个as_view()
静态方法(也就是类方法),调用这个方法,会建立一个类的实例,而后经过实例调用dispatch()
方法,dispatch()
方法会根据request的method的不一样调用相应的方法来处理request(如get()
, post()
等)。到这里,这些方法和function-based view差很少了,要接收request,获得一个response返回。若是方法没有定义,会抛出HttpResponseNotAllowed异常。app
在url中,写法以下:编程语言
# urls.py from django.conf.urls import url from myapp.views import MyView urlpatterns = [ url(r'^index/$', MyView.as_view()), ]
类的属性能够经过两种方法设置,第一种是常见的python的方法,能够被子类覆盖:ide
from django.http import HttpResponse from django.views import View class GreetingView(View): name = "yuan" def get(self, request): return HttpResponse(self.name) # You can override that in a subclass class MorningGreetingView(GreetingView): name= "alex"
第二种方法,能够在url中指定类的属性:函数
在url中设置类的属性Pythonpost
urlpatterns = [ url(r'^index/$', GreetingView.as_view(name="egon")), ]
要理解django的class-based-view(如下简称cbv),首先要明白django引入cbv的目的是什么。在django1.3以前,generic view也就是所谓的通用视图,使用的是function-based-view(fbv),亦即基于函数的视图。有人认为fbv比cbv更pythonic,窃觉得否则。python的一大重要的特性就是面向对象。
而cbv更能体现python的面向对象。cbv是经过class的方式来实现视图方法的。class相对于function,更能利用多态的特定,所以更容易从宏观层面上将项目内的比较通用的功能抽象出来。关于多态,很少解释,有兴趣的同窗本身Google。总之能够理解为一个东西具备多种形态(的特性)。cbv的实现原理经过看django的源码就很容易明白,大致就是由url路由到这个cbv以后,经过cbv内部的dispatch方法进行分发,将get请求分发给cbv.get方法处理,将post请求分发给cbv.post方法处理,其余方法相似。怎么利用多态呢?cbv里引入了mixin的概念。Mixin就是写好了的一些基础类,而后经过不一样的Mixin组合成为最终想要的类。
因此,理解cbv的基础是,理解Mixin。Django中使用Mixin来重用代码,一个View Class能够继承多个Mixin,可是只能继承一个View(包括View的子类),推荐把View写在最右边,多个Mixin写在左边。
更多参考:https://www.cnblogs.com/yuanchenqi/articles/8715364.html
########### urls.py from django.contrib import admin from django.urls import path from app01 import views urlpatterns = [ path('admin/', admin.site.urls), path('login/', views.LoginView.as_view()), ] ############views.py from django.shortcuts import render, HttpResponse from django.views import View class LoginView(View): def get(self, request): return render(request, "login.html") def post(self, request): return HttpResponse("post...") def put(self, request): pass
构建login.html页面:
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <form action="" method="post"> {% csrf_token %} <input type="submit"> </form> </body> </html>
注意:
(1)CBV的本质仍是一个FBV
(2)url中设置类的属性Python:
path('login/', views.LoginView.as_view()),
用户访问login,views.LoginView.as_view()必定是一个函数名,不是函数调用。
(3)页面效果
点击提交post请求:
class View: """ get:查 post:提交,添加 put:全部内容都更新 patch:只更新一部分 delete:删除 """ http_method_names = ['get', 'post', 'put', 'patch', 'delete', 'head', 'options', 'trace'] def __init__(self, **kwargs): """ Constructor. Called in the URLconf; can contain helpful extra keyword arguments, and other things. """ # Go through keyword arguments, and either save their values to our # instance, or raise an error. for key, value in kwargs.items(): setattr(self, key, value) @classonlymethod def as_view(cls, **initkwargs): """Main entry point for a request-response process.""" for key in initkwargs: if key in cls.http_method_names: raise TypeError("You tried to pass in the %s method name as a " "keyword argument to %s(). Don't do that." % (key, cls.__name__)) if not hasattr(cls, key): raise TypeError("%s() received an invalid keyword %r. as_view " "only accepts arguments that are already " "attributes of the class." % (cls.__name__, key)) def view(request, *args, **kwargs): self = cls(**initkwargs) if hasattr(self, 'get') and not hasattr(self, 'head'): self.head = self.get self.request = request self.args = args self.kwargs = kwargs return self.dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs) view.view_class = cls view.view_initkwargs = initkwargs # take name and docstring from class update_wrapper(view, cls, updated=()) # and possible attributes set by decorators # like csrf_exempt from dispatch update_wrapper(view, cls.dispatch, assigned=()) return view def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs): # Try to dispatch to the right method; if a method doesn't exist, # defer to the error handler. Also defer to the error handler if the # request method isn't on the approved list. if request.method.lower() in self.http_method_names: handler = getattr(self, request.method.lower(), self.http_method_not_allowed) else: handler = self.http_method_not_allowed return handler(request, *args, **kwargs) def http_method_not_allowed(self, request, *args, **kwargs): logger.warning( 'Method Not Allowed (%s): %s', request.method, request.path, extra={'status_code': 405, 'request': request} ) return HttpResponseNotAllowed(self._allowed_methods()) def options(self, request, *args, **kwargs): """Handle responding to requests for the OPTIONS HTTP verb.""" response = HttpResponse() response['Allow'] = ', '.join(self._allowed_methods()) response['Content-Length'] = '0' return response def _allowed_methods(self): return [m.upper() for m in self.http_method_names if hasattr(self, m)]
注意:
as_view是一个类方法,所以views.LoginView.as_view()须要添加(),这样才调用这个类方法。
as_view执行完,返回是view(函数名)。所以login一旦被用户访问,真正被执行是view函数。
view函数的返回值:
return self.dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)
这里的self是谁取决于view函数是谁调用的。view——》as_view——》LoginView(View的子类)。在子类没有定义dispatch的状况下,调用父类的。
self.dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)是执行dispatch函数。因而可知login访问,真正被执行的是dispatch方法。且返回结果是dispatch的返回结果,且一路回传到页面显示。用户看的页面是什么,彻底由self.dispatch决定。
request.method.lower():此次请求的请求方式小写。
self.http_method_names:['get', 'post', 'put', 'patch', 'delete', 'head', 'options', 'trace']
判断请求方式是否在这个请求方式列表中。
handler就是反射获得的实例方法get,若是找不到则经过http_method_not_allowed返回报错。
from django.shortcuts import render, HttpResponse from django.views import View class LoginView(View): def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs): print("dispath...") # return HttpResponse("自定义") # 两种写法 # ret = super(LoginView, self).dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs) # ret = super().dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs) # return ret def get(self, request): print("get.....") return render(request, "login.html") def post(self, request): print("post....") return HttpResponse("post...") def put(self, request): pass
注意:有两种继承父类dispatch方法的方式:
ret = super(LoginView, self).dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs) ret = super().dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)
谷歌的一个插件,模拟前端发get post put delete请求,下载,安装。https://www.getpostman.com/apps