使用@contextmanager装饰器实现上下文管理器

一般来讲,实现上下文管理器,须要编写一个带有__enter__和 __exit__的类,相似这样:python

class ListTransaction:

    def __init__(self, orig_list):
        self.orig_list = orig_list
        self.working = list(orig_list)

    def __enter__(self):
        return self.working

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        self.orig_list[:] = self.working

然而,在contextlib模块中,还提供了@contextmanager装饰器,将一个生成器函数当成上下文管理器使用,上面的代码在大部分,是与下面的代码等效的。git

本文的list_transaction函数的代码来自:《Python Cookbook》 9.22 以简单的方式定义上下文管理器github

from contextlib import contextmanager
@contextmanager
def list_transaction(orig_list):
    working = list(orig_list)
    yield working
    orig_list[:] = working

先逐一分析上面的代码:app

  1. 由于list是可变类型,因此经过list(orig_list),对值进行复制,建立一个新的list,即working。
  2. 以yield为分隔,在yield以前的代码,包括yield working,会在contextmanager装饰器的__enter__方法中被调用
  3. 代码在执行到yield时暂停,同时yield working,会将working产出。yield产出的值,做为__enter__的返回值,赋值给as以后的变量
  4. 当with块的代码执行完成后, 上下文管理器会在yield处恢复,继续执行yield以后的代码。
  5. yield 以后的代码,则在contextmanager装饰器中的__exit__方法中被调用

测试代码以下:less

当执行过程当中,没有引起异常时,执行正常,输出 [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]ide

    items_1 = [1, 2, 3]
    with list_transaction(items_1) as working_1:
        working_1.append(4)
        working_1.append(5)
    print(items_1)

当执行过程当中,引起异常时,yield后的代码不会执行,orig_list不会被修改。从而实现事务的效果,orig_list还是 [1, 2, 3]函数

    items_2 = [1, 2, 3]
    try:
        with list_transaction(items_2) as working_2:
            working_2.append(4)
            working_2.append(5)
            raise RuntimeError('oops')
    except Exception as ex:
        print(ex)
    finally:
        print(items_2)

上下文管理器类与@contextmanager中最大的区别在于对异常的处理。oop

分析contextmanager的源码可知,@contextmanager装饰器的本质是实例化一个_GeneratorContextManager对象。测试

def contextmanager(func):
    @wraps(func)
    def helper(*args, **kwds):
        return _GeneratorContextManager(func, args, kwds)
    return helper

进一步查看_GeneratorContextManager源码,可知_GeneratorContextManager实现的是一个上下文管理器对象this

class _GeneratorContextManager(ContextDecorator):
    """Helper for @contextmanager decorator."""

    def __init__(self, func, args, kwds):
        self.gen = func(*args, **kwds)
        self.func, self.args, self.kwds = func, args, kwds
        # Issue 19330: ensure context manager instances have good docstrings
        doc = getattr(func, "__doc__", None)
        if doc is None:
            doc = type(self).__doc__
        self.__doc__ = doc
        # Unfortunately, this still doesn't provide good help output when
        # inspecting the created context manager instances, since pydoc
        # currently bypasses the instance docstring and shows the docstring
        # for the class instead.
        # See http://bugs.python.org/issue19404 for more details.

    def _recreate_cm(self):
        # _GCM instances are one-shot context managers, so the
        # CM must be recreated each time a decorated function is
        # called
        return self.__class__(self.func, self.args, self.kwds)

    def __enter__(self):
        try:
            return next(self.gen)
        except StopIteration:
            raise RuntimeError("generator didn't yield") from None

    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
        if type is None:
            try:
                next(self.gen)
            except StopIteration:
                return
            else:
                raise RuntimeError("generator didn't stop")
        else:
            if value is None:
                # Need to force instantiation so we can reliably
                # tell if we get the same exception back
                value = type()
            try:
                self.gen.throw(type, value, traceback)
                raise RuntimeError("generator didn't stop after throw()")
            except StopIteration as exc:
                # Suppress StopIteration *unless* it's the same exception that
                # was passed to throw().  This prevents a StopIteration
                # raised inside the "with" statement from being suppressed.
                return exc is not value
            except RuntimeError as exc:
                # Likewise, avoid suppressing if a StopIteration exception
                # was passed to throw() and later wrapped into a RuntimeError
                # (see PEP 479).
                if exc.__cause__ is value:
                    return False
                raise
            except:
                # only re-raise if it's *not* the exception that was
                # passed to throw(), because __exit__() must not raise
                # an exception unless __exit__() itself failed.  But throw()
                # has to raise the exception to signal propagation, so this
                # fixes the impedance mismatch between the throw() protocol
                # and the __exit__() protocol.
                #
                if sys.exc_info()[1] is not value:
                    raise

简要分析实现的代码:

__enter__方法:

  1. self.gen = func(*args, **kwds) 获取生成器函数返回的生成器,并赋值给self.gen
  2. with代码块进入__enter__方法时,调用生成器的__next__方法,使代码执行到yield处暂停
  3. 将yield产出的值做为__enter__的返回值
  4. 由于__enter__方法只会执行一次,若是第一次调用生成器的__next__方法,就抛出StopIteration异常,说明生成器存在问题,则抛出RuntimeError

__exit__方法:

正常执行的状况:

  1. def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback)接收三个参数,第一个参数是异常类,第二个参数是异常对象,第三个参数是trackback对象
  2. 若是with内的代码执行正常,没有抛出异常,则上述三个参数都为None
  3. __exit__代码中首先对type是否None进行判断,若是type为None,说明with代码内部执行正常,因此调用生成器的__next__方法。此时生成器在yield处恢复运行,继续执行yield以后的代码
  4. 正常状况下,调用__next__方法,迭代应结束,抛出StopIteration异常;若是没有抛出StopIteration异常,说明生成器存在问题,则抛出RuntimeError

出现异常的状况:

  1. 若是type类型不为None,说明在with代码内部执行时出现异常。若是异常对象value为None,则强制使用异常类实例化一个新的异常对象,并赋值给value
  2. 使用throw方法,将异常对象value传递给生成器函数,此时生成器在yield处恢复执行,并接收到异常信息
  3. 一般状况下,yield语句应该在try except代码块中执行,用于捕获__exit__方法传递给生成器的异常信息,并进行处理
  4. 若是生成器函数能够处理异常,迭代完成后,自动抛出StopIteration。
  5. __exit__ 捕获并压制StopIteration,除非with内的代码也抛出了StopIteration。return exc is not value,exc是捕获到的StopIteration异常实例,value是with内代码执行时抛出的异常。在__exit__方法中,return True告诉解释器异常已经处理,除此之外,全部的异常都会向上冒泡。
  6. 若是生成器没有抛出StopIteration异常,说明迭代没有正常结束,则__exit__方法抛出RuntimeError,一样的,除非with代码块内部也抛出RuntimeError,不然RuntimeError会在__exit__中被捕获而且压制。

 

因此,以类的方式实现的上下文管理器,在引起异常时,__exit__方法内的代码仍会正常执行;

而以生成器函数实现的上下文管理器,在引起异常时,__exit__方法会将异常传递给生成器,若是生成器没法正确处理异常,则yield以后的代码不会执行。

因此,大部分状况下,yield都必须在try...except中,除非设计之初就是让yield以后的代码在with代码块内部出现异常时不执行。

测试代码:

以类的方式实现上下文管理器,当没有引起异常时, # 其执行结果与@contextmanager装饰器装饰器的上下文管理器函数相同,输出 [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

    items_3 = [1, 2, 3]
    with ListTransaction(items_3) as working_3:
        working_3.append(4)
        working_3.append(5)
    print(items_3)

当执行代码过程当中引起异常时,即便没有对异常进行任何处理,__exit__方法也会正常执行,对self.orig_list进行修改(python是引用传值,而list是可变类型,对orig_list的任何引用的修改,都会改变orig_list的值),因此输出结果与没有引起异常时相同:[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

    items_4 = [1, 2, 3]
    try:
        with ListTransaction(items_4) as working_4:
            working_4.append(4)
            working_4.append(5)
            raise RuntimeError('oops')
    except Exception as ex:
        print(ex)
    finally:
        print(items_4)

 

完整代码:https://github.com/blackmatrix7/python-learning/blob/master/class_/contextlib_.py

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