前言
grabcut是在graph cut基础上改进的一种图像分割算法,它同样是基于图割理论的,关于图割的简单介绍可以参考本人前面的博文:一些知识点的初步理解_8(Graph Cuts,ing...) 。稍微看了下grabcut方面的论文,论文中一般都是在graph cut上作改进,比如说引入了GMM模型等。同graph cut一样,在使用grabcut是也是需要人机交互的,即人工先给定一定区域的目标或者背景,然后送给grabcut算法来分割。通过实验发现,其分割效果一般般,且分割速度比较慢,一张普通大小的图片差不多需要1s左右的时间,
实验说明
因为在使用该算法的过程中需要人机交互,所以需要用到很多鼠标键盘的操作,因此这些GUI操作的逻辑关系一定要处理好。其中最主要的GUI设计就在鼠标键盘响应函数中,在设置关于图片的鼠标键盘响应函数时,其函数的参数必须满足一定的类型,如下所示:
mouseClick (int event, int x, int y, int flags, void* param);
其中event是 CV_EVENT_*变量之一; x和y是鼠标指针在图像坐标系的坐标,并不是整个窗口的坐标; flags是CV_EVENT_FLAG的组合, 即表示所有的按键,一般情况下是固定的; param是用户定义的传递到cvSetMouseCallback函数调用的参数,这通常在回调函数中都有类似这种功能的的参数。
Grabcut在opencv中核心算法函数为:
void cv::grabCut( const Mat& img, Mat& mask, Rectrect, Mat& bgdModel, Mat& fgdModel, intiterCount, int mode )
这里引用网友的博文学习OpenCV——grabcut来解释该函数的用法:
img——待分割的源图像,必须是8位3通道(CV_8UC3)图像,在处理的过程中不会被修改;
mask——掩码图像,如果使用掩码进行初始化,那么mask保存初始化掩码信息;在执行分割的时候,也可以将用户交互所设定的前景与背景保存到mask中,然后再传入grabCut函数;在处理结束之后,mask中会保存结果。mask只能取以下四种值:
GCD_BGD(=0),背景;
GCD_FGD(=1),前景;
GCD_PR_BGD(=2),可能的背景;
GCD_PR_FGD(=3),可能的前景。
如果没有手工标记GCD_BGD或者GCD_FGD,那么结果只会有GCD_PR_BGD或GCD_PR_FGD;
rect——用于限定需要进行分割的图像范围,只有该矩形窗口内的图像部分才被处理;
bgdModel——背景模型,如果为null,函数内部会自动创建一个bgdModel;bgdModel必须是单通道浮点型(CV_32FC1)图像,且行数只能为1,列数只能为13x5;
fgdModel——前景模型,如果为null,函数内部会自动创建一个fgdModel;fgdModel必须是单通道浮点型(CV_32FC1)图像,且行数只能为1,列数只能为13x5;
iterCount——迭代次数,必须大于0;
mode——用于指示grabCut函数进行什么操作,可选的值有:
GC_INIT_WITH_RECT(=0),用矩形窗初始化GrabCut;
GC_INIT_WITH_MASK(=1),用掩码图像初始化GrabCut;
GC_EVAL(=2),执行分割。
实验结果
分割前的原始图如下所示:
由于本次实验是一个人机交互的过程,需要人的手工输入前景点和背景点,或者可能的前景点和背景点,本次实验中,本人只用鼠标画出了一些前景点(Shift+鼠标左键+鼠标移动)和一些背景点(Ctrl+鼠标左键+鼠标移动),如下图所示(其中红色的为前景点,蓝色的为背景点,外面的绿色框为图像分割的区域):
一次grabcut迭代后分割的结果:
若干次迭代后分割的结果:
另外,关于本次实验的操作方法可以参考代码中函数的help内容,里面有详细的介绍。
实验代码及注释:
本次实验代码来源为opencv自带的c++ sample。
crabcut.cpp:
#include "opencv2/highgui/highgui.hpp"
#include "opencv2/imgproc/imgproc.hpp"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
using namespace cv;
static void help()
{
cout << "\nThis program demonstrates GrabCut segmentation -- select an object in a region\n"
"and then grabcut will attempt to segment it out.\n"
"Call:\n"
"./grabcut <image_name>\n"
"\nSelect a rectangular area around the object you want to segment\n" <<
"\nHot keys: \n"
"\tESC - quit the program\n"
"\tr - restore the original image\n"
"\tn - next iteration\n"
"\n"
"\tleft mouse button - set rectangle\n"
"\n"
"\tCTRL+left mouse button - set GC_BGD pixels\n"
"\tSHIFT+left mouse button - set CG_FGD pixels\n"
"\n"
"\tCTRL+right mouse button - set GC_PR_BGD pixels\n"
"\tSHIFT+right mouse button - set CG_PR_FGD pixels\n" << endl;
}
const Scalar RED = Scalar(0,0,255);
const Scalar PINK = Scalar(230,130,255);
const Scalar BLUE = Scalar(255,0,0);
const Scalar LIGHTBLUE = Scalar(255,255,160);
const Scalar GREEN = Scalar(0,255,0);
const int BGD_KEY = CV_EVENT_FLAG_CTRLKEY; //Ctrl键
const int FGD_KEY = CV_EVENT_FLAG_SHIFTKEY; //Shift键
static void getBinMask( const Mat& comMask, Mat& binMask )
{
if( comMask.empty() || comMask.type()!=CV_8UC1 )
CV_Error( CV_StsBadArg, "comMask is empty or has incorrect type (not CV_8UC1)" );
if( binMask.empty() || binMask.rows!=comMask.rows || binMask.cols!=comMask.cols )
binMask.create( comMask.size(), CV_8UC1 );
binMask = comMask & 1; //得到mask的最低位,实际上是只保留确定的或者有可能的前景点当做mask
}
class GCApplication
{
public:
enum{ NOT_SET = 0, IN_PROCESS = 1, SET = 2 };
static const int radius = 2;
static const int thickness = -1;
void reset();
void setImageAndWinName( const Mat& _image, const string& _winName );
void showImage() const;
void mouseClick( int event, int x, int y, int flags, void* param );
int nextIter();
int getIterCount() const { return iterCount; }
private:
void setRectInMask();
void setLblsInMask( int flags, Point p, bool isPr );
const string* winName;
const Mat* image;
Mat mask;
Mat bgdModel, fgdModel;
uchar rectState, lblsState, prLblsState;
bool isInitialized;
Rect rect;
vector<Point> fgdPxls, bgdPxls, prFgdPxls, prBgdPxls;
int iterCount;
};
/*给类的变量赋值*/
void GCApplication::reset()
{
if( !mask.empty() )
mask.setTo(Scalar::all(GC_BGD));
bgdPxls.clear(); fgdPxls.clear();
prBgdPxls.clear(); prFgdPxls.clear();
isInitialized = false;
rectState = NOT_SET; //NOT_SET == 0
lblsState = NOT_SET;
prLblsState = NOT_SET;
iterCount = 0;
}
/*给类的成员变量赋值而已*/
void GCApplication::setImageAndWinName( const Mat& _image, const string& _winName )
{
if( _image.empty() || _winName.empty() )
return;
image = &_image;
winName = &_winName;
mask.create( image->size(), CV_8UC1);
reset();
}
/*显示4个点,一个矩形和图像内容,因为后面的步骤很多地方都要用到这个函数,所以单独拿出来*/
void GCApplication::showImage() const
{
if( image->empty() || winName->empty() )
return;
Mat res;
Mat binMask;
if( !isInitialized )
image->copyTo( res );
else
{
getBinMask( mask, binMask );
image->copyTo( res, binMask ); //按照最低位是0还是1来复制,只保留跟前景有关的图像,比如说可能的前景,可能的背景
}
vector<Point>::const_iterator it;
/*下面4句代码是将选中的4个点用不同的颜色显示出来*/
for( it = bgdPxls.begin(); it != bgdPxls.end(); ++it ) //迭代器可以看成是一个指针
circle( res, *it, radius, BLUE, thickness );
for( it = fgdPxls.begin(); it != fgdPxls.end(); ++it ) //确定的前景用红色表示
circle( res, *it, radius, RED, thickness );
for( it = prBgdPxls.begin(); it != prBgdPxls.end(); ++it )
circle( res, *it, radius, LIGHTBLUE, thickness );
for( it = prFgdPxls.begin(); it != prFgdPxls.end(); ++it )
circle( res, *it, radius, PINK, thickness );
/*画矩形*/
if( rectState == IN_PROCESS || rectState == SET )
rectangle( res, Point( rect.x, rect.y ), Point(rect.x + rect.width, rect.y + rect.height ), GREEN, 2);
imshow( *winName, res );
}
/*该步骤完成后,mask图像中rect内部是3,外面全是0*/
void GCApplication::setRectInMask()
{
assert( !mask.empty() );
mask.setTo( GC_BGD ); //GC_BGD == 0
rect.x = max(0, rect.x);
rect.y = max(0, rect.y);
rect.width = min(rect.width, image->cols-rect.x);
rect.height = min(rect.height, image->rows-rect.y);
(mask(rect)).setTo( Scalar(GC_PR_FGD) ); //GC_PR_FGD == 3,矩形内部,为可能的前景点
}
void GCApplication::setLblsInMask( int flags, Point p, bool isPr )
{
vector<Point> *bpxls, *fpxls;
uchar bvalue, fvalue;
if( !isPr ) //确定的点
{
bpxls = &bgdPxls;
fpxls = &fgdPxls;
bvalue = GC_BGD; //0
fvalue = GC_FGD; //1
}
else //概率点
{
bpxls = &prBgdPxls;
fpxls = &prFgdPxls;
bvalue = GC_PR_BGD; //2
fvalue = GC_PR_FGD; //3
}
if( flags & BGD_KEY )
{
bpxls->push_back(p);
circle( mask, p, radius, bvalue, thickness ); //该点处为2
}
if( flags & FGD_KEY )
{
fpxls->push_back(p);
circle( mask, p, radius, fvalue, thickness ); //该点处为3
}
}
/*鼠标响应函数,参数flags为CV_EVENT_FLAG的组合*/
void GCApplication::mouseClick( int event, int x, int y, int flags, void* )
{
// TODO add bad args check
switch( event )
{
case CV_EVENT_LBUTTONDOWN: // set rect or GC_BGD(GC_FGD) labels
{
bool isb = (flags & BGD_KEY) != 0,
isf = (flags & FGD_KEY) != 0;
if( rectState == NOT_SET && !isb && !isf )//只有左键按下时
{
rectState = IN_PROCESS; //表示正在画矩形
rect = Rect( x, y, 1, 1 );
}
if ( (isb || isf) && rectState == SET ) //按下了alt键或者shift键,且画好了矩形,表示正在画前景背景点
lblsState = IN_PROCESS;
}
break;
case CV_EVENT_RBUTTONDOWN: // set GC_PR_BGD(GC_PR_FGD) labels
{
bool isb = (flags & BGD_KEY) != 0,
isf = (flags & FGD_KEY) != 0;
if ( (isb || isf) && rectState == SET ) //正在画可能的前景背景点
prLblsState = IN_PROCESS;
}
break;
case CV_EVENT_LBUTTONUP:
if( rectState == IN_PROCESS )
{
rect = Rect( Point(rect.x, rect.y), Point(x,y) ); //矩形结束
rectState = SET;
setRectInMask();
assert( bgdPxls.empty() && fgdPxls.empty() && prBgdPxls.empty() && prFgdPxls.empty() );
showImage();
}
if( lblsState == IN_PROCESS ) //已画了前后景点
{
setLblsInMask(flags, Point(x,y), false); //画出前景点
lblsState = SET;
showImage();
}
break;
case CV_EVENT_RBUTTONUP:
if( prLblsState == IN_PROCESS )
{
setLblsInMask(flags, Point(x,y), true); //画出背景点
prLblsState = SET;
showImage();
}
break;
case CV_EVENT_MOUSEMOVE:
if( rectState == IN_PROCESS )
{
rect = Rect( Point(rect.x, rect.y), Point(x,y) );
assert( bgdPxls.empty() && fgdPxls.empty() && prBgdPxls.empty() && prFgdPxls.empty() );
showImage(); //不断的显示图片
}
else if( lblsState == IN_PROCESS )
{
setLblsInMask(flags, Point(x,y), false);
showImage();
}
else if( prLblsState == IN_PROCESS )
{
setLblsInMask(flags, Point(x,y), true);
showImage();
}
break;
}
}
/*该函数进行grabcut算法,并且返回算法运行迭代的次数*/
int GCApplication::nextIter()
{
if( isInitialized )
//使用grab算法进行一次迭代,参数2为mask,里面存的mask位是:矩形内部除掉那些可能是背景或者已经确定是背景后的所有的点,且mask同时也为输出
//保存的是分割后的前景图像
grabCut( *image, mask, rect, bgdModel, fgdModel, 1 );
else
{
if( rectState != SET )
return iterCount;
if( lblsState == SET || prLblsState == SET )
grabCut( *image, mask, rect, bgdModel, fgdModel, 1, GC_INIT_WITH_MASK );
else
grabCut( *image, mask, rect, bgdModel, fgdModel, 1, GC_INIT_WITH_RECT );
isInitialized = true;
}
iterCount++;
bgdPxls.clear(); fgdPxls.clear();
prBgdPxls.clear(); prFgdPxls.clear();
return iterCount;
}
GCApplication gcapp;
static void on_mouse( int event, int x, int y, int flags, void* param )
{
gcapp.mouseClick( event, x, y, flags, param );
}
int main( int argc, char** argv )
{
string filename = "test.jpg";
Mat image = imread( filename, 1 );
if( image.empty() )
{
cout << "\n Durn, couldn't read image filename " << filename << endl;
return 1;
}
help();
const string winName = "image";
cvNamedWindow( winName.c_str(), CV_WINDOW_AUTOSIZE );
cvSetMouseCallback( winName.c_str(), on_mouse, 0 );
gcapp.setImageAndWinName( image, winName );
gcapp.showImage();
for(;;)
{
int c = cvWaitKey(0);
switch( (char) c )
{
case '\x1b':
cout << "Exiting ..." << endl;
goto exit_main;
case 'r':
cout << endl;
gcapp.reset();
gcapp.showImage();
break;
case 'n':
int iterCount = gcapp.getIterCount();
cout << "<" << iterCount << "... ";
int newIterCount = gcapp.nextIter();
if( newIterCount > iterCount )
{
gcapp.showImage();
cout << iterCount << ">" << endl;
}
else
cout << "rect must be determined>" << endl;
break;
}
}
exit_main:
cvDestroyWindow( winName.c_str() );
return 0;
}
实验总结:本次实验测试了下opencv自带的grabcut算法,其效果还算可以,不过需要人工交互提供分割信息,比较难以接受的是其分割速度太慢,不能实时处理。
参考文献:
一些知识点的初步理解_8(Graph Cuts,ing...)