Netty Reator（二）Scalable IO in Java

Netty Reator（二）Scalable IO in Java

Netty 系列目录 (http://www.javashuo.com/article/p-hskusway-em.html)

Doug Lea 大神的《Scalable IO in Java》http://gee.cs.oswego.edu/dl/cpjslides/nio.pdf：可伸缩的 IO 模型

大部分 IO 都是下面这个步骤,

• Read request
• Decode request
• Process service
• Encode reply
• Send reply

1、经典的网络 IO 模型

传统的 IO 模型是一个 socket 一个线程，代码以下：

class Server implements Runnable {
    public void run() {
        try {
            ServerSocket ss = new ServerSocket(PORT);
            while (!Thread.interrupted())
            new Thread(new Handler(ss.accept())).start(); //建立新线程来handle
            // or, single-threaded, or a thread pool
        } catch (IOException ex) { /* ... */ }
    }
    
    static class Handler implements Runnable {
        final Socket socket;
        Handler(Socket s) { socket = s; }
        public void run() {
            try {
                byte[] input = new byte[MAX_INPUT];
                socket.getInputStream().read(input);
                byte[] output = process(input);
                socket.getOutputStream().write(output);
            } catch (IOException ex) { /* ... */ }
        }       
        private byte[] process(byte[] cmd) { /* ... */ }
    }
}

显然简单的多线程会带来扩展性问题，当 client 数量变的不少的时候，还其余的可用性、性能的问题。解决方法就是 Divide-and-conquer，分开后，就须要 Event-driven Designs 来串联起来...

二。单线程( BasicReactor Design)

全部事情 read、process、write 都由单个线程完成，完成一步从新设置下一步的 event。问题固然就是，其中任何步骤阻塞其它任务就阻塞了，由于只有一个线程。

class Reactor implements Runnable { 
    final Selector selector;
    final ServerSocketChannel serverSocket;

    Reactor(int port) throws IOException { // Reactor 初始化
        selector = Selector.open();
        serverSocket = ServerSocketChannel.open();
        serverSocket.socket().bind(new InetSocketAddress(port));
        serverSocket.configureBlocking(false); // 非阻塞
        SelectionKey sk = serverSocket.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT); // 分步处理,第一步,接收accept事件
        sk.attach(new Acceptor()); //attach callback object, Acceptor
    }
    
    public void run() { 
        try {
            while (!Thread.interrupted()) {
                selector.select();
                Set selected = selector.selectedKeys();
                Iterator it = selected.iterator();
                while (it.hasNext())
                    dispatch((SelectionKey)(it.next()); //Reactor负责dispatch收到的事件
                selected.clear();
            }
        } catch (IOException ex) { /* ... */ }
    }
    
    void dispatch(SelectionKey k) {
        Runnable r = (Runnable)(k.attachment()); //调用以前注册的callback对象
        if (r != null)
            r.run();
    }
    
    class Acceptor implements Runnable { // inner
        public void run() {
            try {
                SocketChannel c = serverSocket.accept();
                if (c != null)
                new Handler(selector, c);
            }
            catch(IOException ex) { /* ... */ }
        }
    }
}

final class Handler implements Runnable {
    final SocketChannel socket;
    final SelectionKey sk;
    ByteBuffer input = ByteBuffer.allocate(MAXIN);
    ByteBuffer output = ByteBuffer.allocate(MAXOUT);
    static final int READING = 0, SENDING = 1;
    int state = READING;
    
    Handler(Selector sel, SocketChannel c) throws IOException {
        socket = c; c.configureBlocking(false);
        // Optionally try first read now
        sk = socket.register(sel, 0);
        sk.attach(this); //将Handler做为callback对象
        sk.interestOps(SelectionKey.OP_READ); //第二步,接收Read事件
        sel.wakeup();
    }
    boolean inputIsComplete() { /* ... */ }
    boolean outputIsComplete() { /* ... */ }
    void process() { /* ... */ }
    
    public void run() {
        try {
            if (state == READING) read();
            else if (state == SENDING) send();
        } catch (IOException ex) { /* ... */ }
    }
    
    void read() throws IOException {
        socket.read(input);
        if (inputIsComplete()) {
            process();
            state = SENDING;
            // Normally also do first write now
            sk.interestOps(SelectionKey.OP_WRITE); //第三步,接收write事件
        }
    }
    void send() throws IOException {
        socket.write(output);
        if (outputIsComplete()) sk.cancel(); //write完就结束了, 关闭select key
    }
}

//上面 的实现用Handler来同时处理Read和Write事件, 因此里面出现状态判断
//咱们能够用State-Object pattern来更优雅的实现
class Handler { // ...
    public void run() { // initial state is reader
        socket.read(input);
        if (inputIsComplete()) {
            process();
            sk.attach(new Sender());  //状态迁移, Read后变成write, 用Sender做为新的callback对象
              sk.interest(SelectionKey.OP_WRITE);
            sk.selector().wakeup();
        }
    }
    class Sender implements Runnable {
        public void run(){ // ...
            socket.write(output);
            if (outputIsComplete()) sk.cancel();
        }
    }
}

单线程模式的局限仍是比较明显的。因此改进是将比较耗时的部分，从 reactor 线程中分离出去，让 reactor 专门负责 IO，而另外建立 Thread Pool 和 queue 来缓存和处理任务。因此其实已经进化成 Proactor 模式，异步模式。

3、多线程(Worker Threads)

class Handler implements Runnable {
    // uses util.concurrent thread pool
    static PooledExecutor pool = new PooledExecutor(...);
    static final int PROCESSING = 3;
    // ...
    synchronized void read() { // ...
        socket.read(input);
        if (inputIsComplete()) {
            state = PROCESSING;
            pool.execute(new Processer()); //使用线程pool异步执行
        }
    }
    
    synchronized void processAndHandOff() {
        process();
        state = SENDING; // or rebind attachment
        sk.interest(SelectionKey.OP_WRITE); //process完,开始等待write事件
    }
    
    class Processer implements Runnable {
        public void run() { processAndHandOff(); }
    }
}

使用多个 reactor 进程，主 reactor 只负责 accept，而后将接收到的 socketchannel 交给 Thread Pool 去处理。

4、主从(Multiple Reactor Threads)

Selector[] selectors; // 一个 selector 表明一个 subReactor
int next = 0;
class Acceptor { // ...
    public synchronized void run() { ...
        Socket connection = serverSocket.accept(); // 主 selector 负责 accept
        if (connection != null)
            new Handler(selectors[next], connection); //选个 subReactor 去负责接收到的 connection
        if (++next == selectors.length) next = 0;
    }
}

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天天用心记录一点点。内容也许不重要，但习惯很重要！