Python中异常(Exception)的总结

Python中的异常处理

异常处理的语句结构

try:
    <statements>        #运行try语句块,并试图捕获异常
except <name1>:
    <statements>        #若是name1异常发现,那么执行该语句块。
except (name2, name3):
    <statements>        #若是元组内的任意异常发生,那么捕获它
except <name4> as <variable>:
    <statements>        #若是name4异常发生,那么进入该语句块,并把异常实例命名为variable
except:
    <statements>        #发生了以上全部列出的异常以外的异常
else:
<statements>            #若是没有异常发生,那么执行该语句块
finally:
    <statement>         #不管是否有异常发生,均会执行该语句块。

说明python

  • else和finally是可选的,可能会有0个或多个except,可是,若是出现一个else的话,必须有至少一个except。
  • 无论你如何指定异常,异常老是经过实例对象来识别,而且大多数时候在任意给定的时刻激活。一旦异常在程序中某处由一条except子句捕获,它就死掉了,除非由另外一个raise语句或错误从新引起它。

raise语句

raise语句用来手动抛出一个异常,有下面几种调用格式:app

  • raise #能够在raise语句以前建立该实例或者在raise语句中建立。
  • raise #Python会隐式地建立类的实例
  • raise name(value) #抛出异常的同时,提供额外信息value
  • raise # 把最近一次产生的异常从新抛出来
  • raise exception from E
    例如:
    抛出带有额外信息的ValueError: raise ValueError('we can only accept positive values')

当使用from的时候,第二个表达式指定了另外一个异常类或实例,它会附加到引起异常的__cause__属性。若是引起的异常没有捕获,Python把异常也做为标准出错消息的一部分打印出来:
好比下面的代码:函数

try:
    1/0
except Exception as E:
    raise TypeError('bad input') from E

执行的结果以下:单元测试

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "hh.py", line 2, in <module>
    1/0
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "hh.py", line 4, in <module>
    raise TypeError('bad input') from E
TypeError: bad input

assert语句

assert主要用来作断言,一般用在单元测试中较多,到时候再作介绍。测试

with...as语句

with语句支持更丰富的基于对象的协议,能够为代码块定义支持进入和离开动做。
with语句对应的环境管理协议要求以下:ui

  • 环境管理器必须有__enter____exit__方法。
    __enter__方法会在初始化的时候运行,若是存在ass子在,__enter__函数的返回值会赋值给as子句中的变量,不然,直接丢弃。
    代码块中嵌套的代码会执行。
    若是with代码块引起异常,__exit__(type,value,traceback)方法就会被调用(带有异常细节)。这些也是由 sys.exc_info返回的相同值.若是此方法返回值为假,则异常会从新引起。不然,异常会终止。正常 状况下异常是应该被从新引起,这样的话才能传递到with语句以外。
    若是with代码块没有引起异常,__exit__方法依然会被调用,其type、value以及traceback参数都会以None传递。

下面为一个简单的自定义的上下文管理类。this

class Block:
    def __enter__(self):
        print('entering to the block')
        return self
    
    def prt(self, args):
        print('this is the block we do %s' % args)

    def __exit__(self,exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb):
        if exc_type is None:
            print('exit normally without exception')
        else:
            print('found exception: %s, and detailed info is %s' % (exc_type, exc_value))
        return False

with Block() as b:
    b.prt('actual work!')
    raise ValueError('wrong')

若是注销到上面的raise语句,那么会正常退出。
在没有注销掉该raise语句的状况下,运行结果以下:spa

entering to the block
this is the block we do actual work!
found exception: <class 'ValueError'>, and detailed info is wrong
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "hh.py", line 18, in <module>
    raise ValueError('wrong')
ValueError: wrong

异常处理器

若是发生异常,那么经过调用sys.exc_info()函数,能够返回包含3个元素的元组。 第一个元素就是引起异常类,而第二个是实际引起的实例,第三个元素traceback对象,表明异常最初发生时调用的堆栈。若是一切正常,那么会返回3个None。code

Python的Builtins模块中定义的Exception

|Exception Name|Description|
|BaseException|Root class for all exceptions|
|   SystemExit|Request termination of Python interpreter|
|KeyboardInterrupt|User interrupted execution (usually by pressing Ctrl+C)|
|Exception|Root class for regular exceptions|
|   StopIteration|Iteration has no further values|
|   GeneratorExit|Exception sent to generator to tell it to quit|
|   SystemExit|Request termination of Python interpreter|
|   StandardError|Base class for all standard built-in exceptions|
|       ArithmeticError|Base class for all numeric calculation errors|
|           FloatingPointError|Error in floating point calculation|
|           OverflowError|Calculation exceeded maximum limit for numerical type|
|           ZeroDivisionError|Division (or modulus) by zero error (all numeric types)|
|       AssertionError|Failure of assert statement|
|       AttributeError|No such object attribute|
|       EOFError|End-of-file marker reached without input from built-in|
|       EnvironmentError|Base class for operating system environment errors|
|           IOError|Failure of input/output operation|
|           OSError|Operating system error|
|               WindowsError|MS Windows system call failure|
|               ImportError|Failure to import module or object|
|               KeyboardInterrupt|User interrupted execution (usually by pressing Ctrl+C)|
|           LookupError|Base class for invalid data lookup errors|
|               IndexError|No such index in sequence|
|               KeyError|No such key in mapping|
|           MemoryError|Out-of-memory error (non-fatal to Python interpreter)|
|           NameError|Undeclared/uninitialized object(non-attribute)|
|               UnboundLocalError|Access of an uninitialized local variable|
|           ReferenceError|Weak reference tried to access a garbage collected object|
|           RuntimeError|Generic default error during execution|
|               NotImplementedError|Unimplemented method|
|           SyntaxError|Error in Python syntax|
|               IndentationError|Improper indentation|
|                   TabErrorg|Improper mixture of TABs and spaces|
|           SystemError|Generic interpreter system error|
|           TypeError|Invalid operation for type|
|           ValueError|Invalid argument given|
|               UnicodeError|Unicode-related error|
|                   UnicodeDecodeError|Unicode error during decoding|
|                   UnicodeEncodeError|Unicode error during encoding|
|                   UnicodeTranslate Error|Unicode error during translation|
|       Warning|Root class for all warnings|
|           DeprecationWarning|Warning about deprecated features|
|           FutureWarning|Warning about constructs that will change semantically in the future|
|           OverflowWarning|Old warning for auto-long upgrade|
|           PendingDeprecation Warning|Warning about features that will be deprecated in the future|
|           RuntimeWarning|Warning about dubious runtime behavior|
|           SyntaxWarning|Warning about dubious syntax|
|           UserWarning|Warning generated by user code|
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