一 介绍
约束条件与数据类型的宽度同样，都是可选参数nginx
做用：用于保证数据的完整性和一致性
主要分为：sql
PRIMARY KEY (PK) 标识该字段为该表的主键，能够惟一的标识记录 FOREIGN KEY (FK) 标识该字段为该表的外键 NOT NULL 标识该字段不能为空 UNIQUE KEY (UK) 标识该字段的值是惟一的 AUTO_INCREMENT 标识该字段的值自动增加（整数类型，并且为主键） DEFAULT 为该字段设置默认值 UNSIGNED 无符号 ZEROFILL 使用0填充
说明：session
1. 是否容许为空，默认NULL，可设置NOT NULL，字段不容许为空，必须赋值 2. 字段是否有默认值，缺省的默认值是NULL，若是插入记录时不给字段赋值，此字段使用默认值 sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male' age int unsigned NOT NULL default 20 必须为正值（无符号） 不容许为空 默认是20 3. 是不是key 主键 primary key 外键 foreign key 索引 (index,unique...)
二 not null与default
是否可空，null表示空，非字符串
not null - 不可空
null - 可空ide
默认值，建立列时能够指定默认值，当插入数据时若是未主动设置，则自动添加默认值
create table tb1(
nid int not null defalut 2,
num int not null
)sqlserver
==================not null==================== mysql> create table t1(id int); #id字段默承认以插入空 mysql> desc t1; +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ mysql> insert into t1 values(); #能够插入空 mysql> create table t2(id int not null); #设置字段id不为空 mysql> desc t2; +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | | NULL | | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ mysql> insert into t2 values(); #不能插入空 ERROR 1364 (HY000): Field 'id' doesn't have a default value ==================default==================== #设置id字段有默认值后，则不管id字段是null仍是not null，均可以插入空，插入空默认填入default指定的默认值 mysql> create table t3(id int default 1); mysql> alter table t3 modify id int not null default 1; ==================综合练习==================== mysql> create table student( -> name varchar(20) not null, -> age int(3) unsigned not null default 18, -> sex enum('male','female') default 'male', -> hobby set('play','study','read','music') default 'play,music' -> ); mysql> desc student; +-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+ | name | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | | | age | int(3) unsigned | NO | | 18 | | | sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | male | | | hobby | set('play','study','read','music') | YES | | play,music | | +-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+ mysql> insert into student(name) values('JetPropellSnake'); mysql> select * from student; +------+-----+------+------------+ | name | age | sex | hobby | +------+-----+------+------------+ | JetPropellSnake | 18 | male | play,music | +------+-----+------+------------+
三 unique
============设置惟一约束 UNIQUE=============== 方法一： create table department1( id int, name varchar(20) unique, comment varchar(100) ); 方法二： create table department2( id int, name varchar(20), comment varchar(100), constraint uk_name unique(name) ); mysql> insert into department1 values(1,'IT','技术'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into department1 values(1,'IT','技术'); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 'IT' for key 'name'
mysql> create table t1(id int not null unique); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> desc t1; +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
create table service( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), host varchar(15) not null, port int not null, unique(host,port) #联合惟一 ); mysql> insert into service values -> (1,'nginx','192.168.0.10',80), -> (2,'haproxy','192.168.0.20',80), -> (3,'mysql','192.168.0.30',3306) -> ; Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec) Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> insert into service(name,host,port) values('nginx','192.168.0.10',80); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '192.168.0.10-80' for key 'host'
四 primary key
从约束角度看primary key字段的值不为空且惟一，那咱们直接使用not null+unique不就能够了吗，要它干什么？post
主键primary key是innodb存储引擎组织数据的依据，innodb称之为索引组织表，一张表中必须有且只有一个主键。url
一个表中能够：spa
单列作主键
多列作主键（复合主键）翻译
============单列作主键=============== #方法一：not null+unique create table department1( id int not null unique, #主键 name varchar(20) not null unique, comment varchar(100) ); mysql> desc department1; +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | name | varchar(20) | NO | UNI | NULL | | | comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.01 sec) #方法二：在某一个字段后用primary key create table department2( id int primary key, #主键 name varchar(20), comment varchar(100) ); mysql> desc department2; +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) #方法三：在全部字段后单独定义primary key create table department3( id int, name varchar(20), comment varchar(100), constraint pk_name primary key(id); #建立主键并为其命名pk_name mysql> desc department3; +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.01 sec)
==================多列作主键================ create table service( ip varchar(15), port char(5), service_name varchar(10) not null, primary key(ip,port) ); mysql> desc service; +--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | ip | varchar(15) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | port | char(5) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | service_name | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | | +--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into service values -> ('172.16.45.10','3306','mysqld'), -> ('172.16.45.11','3306','mariadb') -> ; Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec) Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> insert into service values ('172.16.45.10','3306','nginx'); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '172.16.45.10-3306' for key 'PRIMARY'
五 auto_increment
约束字段为自动增加，被约束的字段必须同时被key约束
#不指定id，则自动增加 create table student( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), sex enum('male','female') default 'male' ); mysql> desc student; +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | male | | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ mysql> insert into student(name) values -> ('JetPropellSnake'), -> ('alex') -> ; mysql> select * from student; +----+------+------+ | id | name | sex | +----+------+------+ | 1 | JetPropellSnake | male | | 2 | alex | male | +----+------+------+ #也能够指定id mysql> insert into student values(4,'asb','female'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into student values(7,'wsb','female'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from student; +----+------+--------+ | id | name | sex | +----+------+--------+ | 1 | JetPropellSnake | male | | 2 | alex | male | | 4 | asb | female | | 7 | wsb | female | +----+------+--------+ #对于自增的字段，在用delete删除后，再插入值，该字段仍按照删除前的位置继续增加 mysql> delete from student; Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from student; Empty set (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into student(name) values('ysb'); mysql> select * from student; +----+------+------+ | id | name | sex | +----+------+------+ | 8 | ysb | male | +----+------+------+ #应该用truncate清空表，比起delete一条一条地删除记录，truncate是直接清空表，在删除大表时用它 mysql> truncate student; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> insert into student(name) values('JetPropellSnake'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) mysql> select * from student; +----+------+------+ | id | name | sex | +----+------+------+ | 1 | JetPropellSnake | male | +----+------+------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
了解知识
#在建立完表后，修改自增字段的起始值 mysql> create table student( -> id int primary key auto_increment, -> name varchar(20), -> sex enum('male','female') default 'male' -> ); mysql> alter table student auto_increment=3; mysql> show create table student; ....... ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=3 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 mysql> insert into student(name) values('JetPropellSnake'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) mysql> select * from student; +----+------+------+ | id | name | sex | +----+------+------+ | 3 | JetPropellSnake | male | +----+------+------+ row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> show create table student; ....... ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=4 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 #也能够建立表时指定auto_increment的初始值，注意初始值的设置为表选项，应该放到括号外 create table student( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), sex enum('male','female') default 'male' )auto_increment=3; #设置步长 sqlserver：自增步长 基于表级别 create table t1（ id int。。。 ）engine=innodb,auto_increment=2 步长=2 default charset=utf8 mysql自增的步长： show session variables like 'auto_inc%'; #基于会话级别 set session auth_increment_increment=2 #修改会话级别的步长 #基于全局级别的 set global auth_increment_increment=2 #修改全局级别的步长（全部会话都生效） #！！！注意了注意了注意了！！！ If the value of auto_increment_offset is greater than that of auto_increment_increment, the value of auto_increment_offset is ignored. 翻译：若是auto_increment_offset的值大于auto_increment_increment的值，则auto_increment_offset的值会被忽略 ，这至关于第一步步子就迈大了，扯着了蛋 好比：设置auto_increment_offset=3，auto_increment_increment=2 mysql> set global auto_increment_increment=5; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> set global auto_increment_offset=3; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> show variables like 'auto_incre%'; #须要退出从新登陆 +--------------------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | +--------------------------+-------+ | auto_increment_increment | 1 | | auto_increment_offset | 1 | +--------------------------+-------+ create table student( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), sex enum('male','female') default 'male' ); mysql> insert into student(name) values('JetPropellSnake1'),('JetPropellSnake2'),('JetPropellSnake3'); mysql> select * from student; +----+-------+------+ | id | name | sex | +----+-------+------+ | 3 | JetPropellSnake1 | male | | 8 | JetPropellSnake2 | male | | 13 | JetPropellSnake3 | male | +----+-------+------+
六 foreign key
一 快速理解foreign key
员工信息表有三个字段：工号 姓名 部门
公司有3个部门，可是有1个亿的员工，那意味着部门这个字段须要重复存储，部门名字越长，越浪费
解决方法：
咱们彻底能够定义一个部门表
而后让员工信息表关联该表，如何关联，即foreign key
#表类型必须是innodb存储引擎，且被关联的字段，即references指定的另一个表的字段，必须保证惟一 create table department( id int primary key, name varchar(20) not null )engine=innodb; #dpt_id外键，关联父表（department主键id），同步更新，同步删除 create table employee( id int primary key, name varchar(20) not null, dpt_id int, constraint fk_name foreign key(dpt_id) references department(id) on delete cascade on update cascade )engine=innodb; #先往父表department中插入记录 insert into department values (1,'欧德博爱技术有限事业部'), (2,'艾利克斯人力资源部'), (3,'销售部'); #再往子表employee中插入记录 insert into employee values (1,'JetPropellSnake',1), (2,'alex1',2), (3,'alex2',2), (4,'alex3',2), (5,'李坦克',3), (6,'刘飞机',3), (7,'张火箭',3), (8,'林子弹',3), (9,'加特林',3) ; #删父表department，子表employee中对应的记录跟着删 mysql> delete from department where id=3; mysql> select * from employee; +----+-------+--------+ | id | name | dpt_id | +----+-------+--------+ | 1 | JetPropellSnake | 1 | | 2 | alex1 | 2 | | 3 | alex2 | 2 | | 4 | alex3 | 2 | +----+-------+--------+ #更新父表department，子表employee中对应的记录跟着改 mysql> update department set id=22222 where id=2; mysql> select * from employee; +----+-------+--------+ | id | name | dpt_id | +----+-------+--------+ | 1 | JetPropellSnake | 1 | | 3 | alex2 | 22222 | | 4 | alex3 | 22222 | | 5 | alex1 | 22222 | +----+-------+--------+
二 如何找出两张表之间的关系
分析步骤： #一、先站在左表的角度去找 是否左表的多条记录能够对应右表的一条记录，若是是，则证实左表的一个字段foreign key 右表一个字段（一般是id） #二、再站在右表的角度去找 是否右表的多条记录能够对应左表的一条记录，若是是，则证实右表的一个字段foreign key 左表一个字段（一般是id） #三、总结： #多对一： 若是只有步骤1成立，则是左表多对一右表 若是只有步骤2成立，则是右表多对一左表 #多对多 若是步骤1和2同时成立，则证实这两张表时一个双向的多对一，即多对多,须要定义一个这两张表的关系表来专门存放两者的关系 #一对一: 若是1和2都不成立，而是左表的一条记录惟一对应右表的一条记录，反之亦然。这种状况很简单，就是在左表foreign key右表的基础上，将左表的外键字段设置成unique便可
三 创建表之间的关系
#一对多或称为多对一 三张表：出版社，做者信息，书 一对多（或多对一）：一个出版社能够出版多本书 关联方式：foreign key
=====================多对一===================== create table press( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20) ); create table book( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), press_id int not null, foreign key(press_id) references press(id) on delete cascade on update cascade ); insert into press(name) values ('北京工业地雷出版社'), ('人民音乐很差听出版社'), ('知识产权没有用出版社') ; insert into book(name,press_id) values ('九阳神功',1), ('九阴真经',2), ('九阴白骨爪',2), ('独孤九剑',3), ('降龙十巴掌',2), ('葵花宝典',3) ;
一夫多妻制 #妻子表的丈夫id外键到丈夫表的id
#多对多 三张表：出版社，做者信息，书 多对多：一个做者能够写多本书，一本书也能够有多个做者，双向的一对多，即多对多 关联方式：foreign key+一张新的表
=====================多对多===================== create table author( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20) ); #这张表就存放做者表与书表的关系，即查询两者的关系查这表就能够了 create table author2book( id int not null unique auto_increment, author_id int not null, book_id int not null, constraint fk_author foreign key(author_id) references author(id) on delete cascade on update cascade, constraint fk_book foreign key(book_id) references book(id) on delete cascade on update cascade, primary key(author_id,book_id) ); #插入四个做者，id依次排开 insert into author(name) values('JetPropellSnake'),('alex'),('yuanhao'),('wpq'); #每一个做者与本身的表明做以下 1 JetPropellSnake: 1 九阳神功 2 九阴真经 3 九阴白骨爪 4 独孤九剑 5 降龙十巴掌 6 葵花宝典 2 alex: 1 九阳神功 6 葵花宝典 3 yuanhao: 4 独孤九剑 5 降龙十巴掌 6 葵花宝典 4 wpq: 1 九阳神功 insert into author2book(author_id,book_id) values (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (2,1), (2,6), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6), (4,1) ;
单张表：用户表+相亲关系表，至关于：用户表+相亲关系表+用户表 多张表：用户表+用户与主机关系表+主机表 中间那一张存放关系的表，对外关联的字段能够联合惟一
#一对一 两张表：学生表和客户表 一对一：一个学生是一个客户，一个客户有可能变成一个学校，即一对一的关系 关联方式：foreign key+unique
#必定是student来foreign key表customer，这样就保证了： #1 学生必定是一个客户， #2 客户不必定是学生，但有可能成为一个学生 create table customer( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20) not null, qq varchar(10) not null, phone char(16) not null ); create table student( id int primary key auto_increment, class_name varchar(20) not null, customer_id int unique, #该字段必定要是惟一的 foreign key(customer_id) references customer(id) #外键的字段必定要保证unique on delete cascade on update cascade ); #增长客户 insert into customer(name,qq,phone) values ('李飞机','31811231',13811341220), ('王大炮','123123123',15213146809), ('守榴弹','283818181',1867141331), ('吴坦克','283818181',1851143312), ('赢火箭','888818181',1861243314), ('战地雷','112312312',18811431230) ; #增长学生 insert into student(class_name,customer_id) values ('脱产3班',3), ('周末19期',4), ('周末19期',5) ;
例一：一个用户只有一个博客 用户表： id name 1 JetPropellSnake 2 alex 3 wupeiqi 博客表 fk+unique id url name_id 1 xxxx 1 2 yyyy 3 3 zzz 2 例二：一个管理员惟一对应一个用户 用户表： id user password 1 JetPropellSnake xxxx 2 alex yyyy 管理员表： fk+unique id user_id password 1 1 xxxxx 2 2 yyyyy
七 做业
练习：帐号信息表，用户组，主机表，主机组
#用户表 create table user( id int not null unique auto_increment, username varchar(20) not null, password varchar(50) not null, primary key(username,password) ); insert into user(username,password) values ('root','123'), ('JetPropellSnake','456'), ('alex','alex3714') ; #用户组表 create table usergroup( id int primary key auto_increment, groupname varchar(20) not null unique ); insert into usergroup(groupname) values ('IT'), ('Sale'), ('Finance'), ('boss') ; #主机表 create table host( id int primary key auto_increment, ip char(15) not null unique default '127.0.0.1' ); insert into host(ip) values ('172.16.45.2'), ('172.16.31.10'), ('172.16.45.3'), ('172.16.31.11'), ('172.10.45.3'), ('172.10.45.4'), ('172.10.45.5'), ('192.168.1.20'), ('192.168.1.21'), ('192.168.1.22'), ('192.168.2.23'), ('192.168.2.223'), ('192.168.2.24'), ('192.168.3.22'), ('192.168.3.23'), ('192.168.3.24') ; #业务线表 create table business( id int primary key auto_increment, business varchar(20) not null unique ); insert into business(business) values ('轻松贷'), ('随便花'), ('大富翁'), ('穷一辈子') ; #建关系：user与usergroup create table user2usergroup( id int not null unique auto_increment, user_id int not null, group_id int not null, primary key(user_id,group_id), foreign key(user_id) references user(id), foreign key(group_id) references usergroup(id) ); insert into user2usergroup(user_id,group_id) values (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,3), (2,4), (3,4) ; #建关系：host与business create table host2business( id int not null unique auto_increment, host_id int not null, business_id int not null, primary key(host_id,business_id), foreign key(host_id) references host(id), foreign key(business_id) references business(id) ); insert into host2business(host_id,business_id) values (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (2,2), (2,3), (3,4) ; #建关系：user与host create table user2host( id int not null unique auto_increment, user_id int not null, host_id int not null, primary key(user_id,host_id), foreign key(user_id) references user(id), foreign key(host_id) references host(id) ); insert into user2host(user_id,host_id) values (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (1,7), (1,8), (1,9), (1,10), (1,11), (1,12), (1,13), (1,14), (1,15), (1,16), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (3,10), (3,11), (3,12) ;
做业：