Java 1.5开始,提供了Callable和Future,经过它们能够在任务执行完毕以后获得任务执行结果。java
Future接口能够构建异步应用,是多线程开发中常见的设计模式。设计模式
当咱们须要调用一个函数方法时。若是这个函数执行很慢,那么咱们就要进行等待。但有时候,咱们可能并不急着要结果。多线程
所以,咱们可让被调用者当即返回,让他在后台慢慢处理这个请求。对于调用者来讲,则能够先处理一些其余任务,在真正须要数据的场合再去尝试获取须要的数据。app
java.lang.Runnable是一个接口,在它里面只声明了一个run()方法,run返回值是void,任务执行完毕后没法返回任何结果dom
public interface Runnable {
public abstract void run(); }
Callable位于java.util.concurrent包下,它也是一个接口,在它里面也只声明了一个方法叫作call(),这是一个泛型接口,call()函数返回的类型就是传递进来的V类型异步
public interface Callable<V> { V call() throws Exception; }
Future就是对于具体的Runnable或者Callable任务的执行结果进行取消、查询是否完成、获取结果。必要时能够经过get方法获取执行结果,该方法会阻塞直到任务返回结果ide
public interface Future<V> {
boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning); boolean isCancelled(); boolean isDone(); V get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException; V get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException; }
怎么使用Future和Callable呢?通常状况下是配合ExecutorService来使用的,在ExecutorService接口中声明了若干个submit方法的重载版本函数
<T> Future<T> submit(Callable<T> task); <T> Future<T> submit(Runnable task, T result); Future<?> submit(Runnable task);
Future+Callable,使用示例以下(采用第一个方法):spa
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.concurrent.*;
/**
* @program: callable
* @description: Test
* @author: Mr.Wang
* @create: 2018-08-12 11:37
**/
public class MyTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ExecutorService executor = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
Future<Integer> result = executor.submit(new Callable<Integer>() {
public Integer call() throws Exception {
return new Random().nextInt();
}
});
executor.shutdown();
try {
System.out.println("result:" + result.get());
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (ExecutionException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
结果:线程
result:297483790
其它方式:
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.concurrent.*;
/**
* @program: callable
* @description: testfuture
* @author: Mr.Wang
* @create: 2018-08-12 12:11
**/
public class Testfuture {
public static void main(String[] args){
//第一种方式
FutureTask<Integer> task = new FutureTask<Integer>(new Callable<Integer>() {
@Override
public Integer call() throws Exception {
return new Random().nextInt();
}
});
new Thread(task).start();
//第二种方方式
// ExecutorService executor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
// FutureTask<Integer> task = new FutureTask<Integer>(new Callable<Integer>() {
// @Override
// public Integer call() throws Exception {
// return new Random().nextInt();
// }
// });
// executor.submit(task);
try {
System.out.println("result: "+task.get());
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (ExecutionException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
result:-358490809
了解了Future的使用,这里就要谈谈Future的局限性。Future很难直接表述多个Future 结果之间的依赖性,开发中,咱们常常须要达成如下目的:
首先,CompletableFuture类实现了CompletionStage和Future接口,所以你能够像Future那样使用它。
莫急,下面经过例子来一步一步解释CompletableFuture的使用。
说明:Async结尾的方法都是能够异步执行的,若是指定了线程池,会在指定的线程池中执行,若是没有指定,默认会在ForkJoinPool.commonPool()中执行。下面不少方法都是相似的,再也不作特别说明。
四个静态方法用来为一段异步执行的代码建立CompletableFuture对象,方法的参数类型都是函数式接口,因此可使用lambda表达式实现异步任务
runAsync方法:它以Runnabel函数式接口类型为参数,因此CompletableFuture的计算结果为空。
supplyAsync方法以Supplier<U>函数式接口类型为参数,CompletableFuture的计算结果类型为U。
public static CompletableFuture<Void> runAsync(Runnable runnable) public static CompletableFuture<Void> runAsync(Runnable runnable, Executor executor) public static <U> CompletableFuture<U> supplyAsync(Supplier<U> supplier) public static <U> CompletableFuture<U> supplyAsync(Supplier<U> supplier, Executor executor)
public <U> CompletionStage<U> thenApply(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn); public <U> CompletionStage<U> thenApplyAsync(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn); public <U> CompletionStage<U> thenApplyAsync(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn,Executor executor);
这些方法的输入是上一个阶段计算后的结果,返回值是通过转化后结果
例子:
import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture; /** * @program: callable * @description: test * @author: Mr.Wang * @create: 2018-08-12 12:36 **/ public class TestCompleteFuture { public static void main(String[] args){ String result = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(()->{return "Hello ";}).thenApplyAsync(v -> v + "world").join(); System.out.println(result); } }
结果:
Hello world
public CompletionStage<Void> thenAccept(Consumer<? super T> action); public CompletionStage<Void> thenAcceptAsync(Consumer<? super T> action); public CompletionStage<Void> thenAcceptAsync(Consumer<? super T> action,Executor executor);
这些方法只是针对结果进行消费,入参是Consumer,没有返回值
例子:
import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture; /** * @program: callable * @description: test * @author: Mr.Wang * @create: 2018-08-12 12:36 **/ public class TestCompleteFuture { public static void main(String[] args){ CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(()->{return "Hello ";}).thenAccept(v -> { System.out.println("consumer: " + v);}); } }
结果:
consumer: Hello
public <U,V> CompletionStage<V> thenCombine(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn); public <U,V> CompletionStage<V> thenCombineAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn); public <U,V> CompletionStage<V> thenCombineAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn,Executor executor);
须要上一阶段的返回值,而且other表明的CompletionStage也要返回值以后,把这两个返回值,进行转换后返回指定类型的值。
说明:一样,也存在对两个CompletionStage结果进行消耗的一组方法,例如thenAcceptBoth,这里再也不进行示例。
例子:
import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture; /** * @program: callable * @description: test * @author: Mr.Wang * @create: 2018-08-12 12:36 **/ public class TestCompleteFuture { public static void main(String[] args){ String result = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(()->{ try { Thread.sleep(1000); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return "Hello"; }).thenCombine(CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(()->{ try { Thread.sleep(2000); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return "world"; }),(s1,s2)->{return s1 + " " + s2;}).join(); System.out.println(result); } }
结果:
Hello world
public <U> CompletionStage<U> applyToEither(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Function<? super T, U> fn); public <U> CompletionStage<U> applyToEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Function<? super T, U> fn); public <U> CompletionStage<U> applyToEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Function<? super T, U> fn,Executor executor);
两种渠道完成同一个事情,就能够调用这个方法,找一个最快的结果进行处理,最终有返回值。
例子:
import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture; /** * @program: callable * @description: test * @author: Mr.Wang * @create: 2018-08-12 12:36 **/ public class TestCompleteFuture { public static void main(String[] args){ String result = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(()->{ try { Thread.sleep(100); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return "Hi Boy"; }).applyToEither(CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(()->{ try { Thread.sleep(300); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return "Hi Girl"; }),(s)->{return s;}).join(); System.out.println(result); } }
结果:
Hi Boy
public CompletionStage<T> exceptionally(Function<Throwable, ? extends T> fn);
例子:
import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture; /** * @program: callable * @description: test * @author: Mr.Wang * @create: 2018-08-12 12:36 **/ public class TestCompleteFuture { public static void main(String[] args){ String result = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(()->{ try { Thread.sleep(100); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } if(true) { throw new RuntimeException("exception test!"); } return "Hi Boy"; }).exceptionally(e->{ System.out.println(e.getMessage()); return "Hello world!"; }).join(); System.out.println(result); } }
结果:
java.lang.RuntimeException: exception test!
Hello world!
OK,了解了以上使用,基本上就对CompletableFuture比较清楚了。
后面会找个时间说说CompletableFuture实现原理