多线程相似于同时执行多个不一样程序,多线程运行有以下优势:python
线程在执行过程当中与进程仍是有区别的。每一个独立的线程有一个程序运行的入口、顺序执行序列和程序的出口。可是线程不可以独立执行,必须依存在应用程序中,由应用程序提供多个线程执行控制。每一个线程都有他本身的一组CPU寄存器,称为线程的上下文,该上下文反映了线程上次运行该线程的CPU寄存器的状态。指令指针和堆栈指针寄存器是线程上下文中两个最重要的寄存器,线程老是在进程获得上下文中运行的,这些地址都用于标志拥有线程的进程地址空间中的内存。安全
Python中使用线程有两种方式:函数或者用类来包装线程对象。首先是,函数式:调用thread模块中的start_new_thread()函数来产生新线程。语法以下:
网络
thread.start_new_thread ( function, args[, kwargs] )
参数说明以下:多线程
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import thread
import time
# 为线程定义一个函数
def print_time( threadName, delay):
count = 0
while count < 5:
time.sleep(delay)
count += 1
print "%s: %s" % ( threadName, time.ctime(time.time()) )
# 建立两个线程
try:
thread.start_new_thread( print_time, ("Thread-1", 2, ) )
thread.start_new_thread( print_time, ("Thread-2", 4, ) )
except:
print "Error: unable to start thread"
while 1:
pass
app
执行以上程序输出结果以下:函数
Thread-1: Thu Jan 22 15:42:17 2009 Thread-1: Thu Jan 22 15:42:19 2009 Thread-2: Thu Jan 22 15:42:19 2009 Thread-1: Thu Jan 22 15:42:21 2009 Thread-2: Thu Jan 22 15:42:23 2009 Thread-1: Thu Jan 22 15:42:23 2009 Thread-1: Thu Jan 22 15:42:25 2009 Thread-2: Thu Jan 22 15:42:27 2009 Thread-2: Thu Jan 22 15:42:31 2009 Thread-2: Thu Jan 22 15:42:35 2009
线程的结束通常依靠线程函数的天然结束;也能够在线程函数中调用thread.exit(),他抛出SystemExit exception,达到退出线程的目的。ui
Python经过两个标准库thread和threading提供对线程的支持。thread提供了低级别的、原始的线程以及一个简单的锁。threading 模块提供的其余方法:spa
除了使用方法外,线程模块一样提供了Thread类来处理线程,Thread类提供了如下方法:.net
咱们接下来使用Threading模块建立线程,直接从threading.Thread继承,而后重写__init__方法和run方法:
线程
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*- import threading import time exitFlag = 0 class myThread (threading.Thread): #继承父类threading.Thread def __init__(self, threadID, name, counter): threading.Thread.__init__(self) self.threadID = threadID self.name = name self.counter = counter def run(self): #把要执行的代码写到run函数里面 线程在建立后会直接运行run函数 print "Starting " + self.name print_time(self.name, self.counter, 5) print "Exiting " + self.name def print_time(threadName, delay, counter): while counter: if exitFlag: (threading.Thread).exit() time.sleep(delay) print "%s: %s" % (threadName, time.ctime(time.time())) counter -= 1 # 建立新线程 thread1 = myThread(1, "Thread-1", 1) thread2 = myThread(2, "Thread-2", 2) # 开启线程 thread1.start() thread2.start() print "Exiting Main Thread"
以上程序执行结果以下:
Starting Thread-1 Starting Thread-2 Exiting Main Thread Thread-1: Thu Mar 21 09:10:03 2013 Thread-1: Thu Mar 21 09:10:04 2013 Thread-2: Thu Mar 21 09:10:04 2013 Thread-1: Thu Mar 21 09:10:05 2013 Thread-1: Thu Mar 21 09:10:06 2013 Thread-2: Thu Mar 21 09:10:06 2013 Thread-1: Thu Mar 21 09:10:07 2013 Exiting Thread-1 Thread-2: Thu Mar 21 09:10:08 2013 Thread-2: Thu Mar 21 09:10:10 2013 Thread-2: Thu Mar 21 09:10:12 2013 Exiting Thread-2
咱们再来看线程同步。若是多个线程共同对某个数据修改,则可能出现不可预料的结果,为了保证数据的正确性,须要对多个线程进行同步。使用Thread对象的Lock和Rlock能够实现简单的线程同步,这两个对象都有acquire方法和release方法,对于那些须要每次只容许一个线程操做的数据,能够将其操做放到acquire和release方法之间。以下:多线程的优点在于能够同时运行多个任务(至少感受起来是这样)。可是当线程须要共享数据时,可能存在数据不一样步的问题。考虑这样一种状况:一个列表里全部元素都是0,线程"set"从后向前把全部元素改为1,而线程"print"负责从前日后读取列表并打印。
那么,可能线程"set"开始改的时候,线程"print"便来打印列表了,输出就成了一半0一半1,这就是数据的不一样步。为了不这种状况,引入了锁的概念。锁有两种状态——锁定和未锁定。每当一个线程好比"set"要访问共享数据时,必须先得到锁定;若是已经有别的线程好比"print"得到锁定了,那么就让线程"set"暂停,也就是同步阻塞;等到线程"print"访问完毕,释放锁之后,再让线程"set"继续。通过这样的处理,打印列表时要么所有输出0,要么所有输出1,不会再出现一半0一半1的尴尬场面。
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*- import threading import time class myThread (threading.Thread): def __init__(self, threadID, name, counter): threading.Thread.__init__(self) self.threadID = threadID self.name = name self.counter = counter def run(self): print "Starting " + self.name # 得到锁,成功得到锁定后返回True # 可选的timeout参数不填时将一直阻塞直到得到锁定 # 不然超时后将返回False threadLock.acquire() print_time(self.name, self.counter, 3) # 释放锁 threadLock.release() def print_time(threadName, delay, counter): while counter: time.sleep(delay) print "%s: %s" % (threadName, time.ctime(time.time())) counter -= 1 threadLock = threading.Lock() threads = [] # 建立新线程 thread1 = myThread(1, "Thread-1", 1) thread2 = myThread(2, "Thread-2", 2) # 开启新线程 thread1.start() thread2.start() # 添加线程到线程列表 threads.append(thread1) threads.append(thread2) # 等待全部线程完成 for t in threads: t.join() print "Exiting Main Thread"
咱们再来看线程优先级队列( Queue)。Python的Queue模块中提供了同步的、线程安全的队列类,包括FIFO(先入先出)队列Queue,LIFO(后入先出)队列。LifoQueue,和优先级队列PriorityQueue。这些队列都实现了锁原语,可以在多线程中直接使用。可使用队列来实现线程间的同步。咱们来看Queue模块中的经常使用方法:
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*- import Queue import threading import time exitFlag = 0 class myThread (threading.Thread): def __init__(self, threadID, name, q): threading.Thread.__init__(self) self.threadID = threadID self.name = name self.q = q def run(self): print "Starting " + self.name process_data(self.name, self.q) print "Exiting " + self.name def process_data(threadName, q): while not exitFlag: queueLock.acquire() if not workQueue.empty(): data = q.get() queueLock.release() print "%s processing %s" % (threadName, data) else: queueLock.release() time.sleep(1) threadList = ["Thread-1", "Thread-2", "Thread-3"] nameList = ["One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five"] queueLock = threading.Lock() workQueue = Queue.Queue(10) threads = [] threadID = 1 # 建立新线程 for tName in threadList: thread = myThread(threadID, tName, workQueue) thread.start() threads.append(thread) threadID += 1 # 填充队列 queueLock.acquire() for word in nameList: workQueue.put(word) queueLock.release() # 等待队列清空 while not workQueue.empty(): pass # 通知线程是时候退出 exitFlag = 1 # 等待全部线程完成 for t in threads: t.join() print "Exiting Main Thread"
以上程序执行结果为:
Starting Thread-1 Starting Thread-2 Starting Thread-3 Thread-1 processing One Thread-2 processing Two Thread-3 processing Three Thread-1 processing Four Thread-2 processing Five Exiting Thread-3 Exiting Thread-1 Exiting Thread-2 Exiting Main Thread
好啦,到这里,此次就分享结束了。若是感受不错的话,请多多点赞支持哦。。。
原文连接:https://blog.csdn.net/luyaran/article/details/80004436