FTP协议html
文件传输协议(英文:File Transfer Protocol,缩写:FTP)是一个应用层协议,是用于在网络上进行文件传输的一套标准协议。shell
FTP协议概述数据库
FTP服务默认运行在20和21两个端口。端口20用于在客户端和服务器之间传输数据流,而端口21用于传输控制流,一般客户端向FTP服务器的21端口发送指令达完成上传下载文件等其余控制操做。当数据经过数据流传输时,控制流处于空闲状态。而当控制流空闲很长时间后,客户端的防火墙会将其会话置为超时,这样当大量数据经过防火墙时,会产生一些问题。此时,虽然文件能够成功的传输,但由于控制会话,会被防火墙断开;传输会产生一些错误。vim
FTP用户分类安全
传输方式服务器
FTP实现的目标网络
FTP缺点session
FTP工做模式app
port模式(主动模式):socket
passive模式(被动模式):
FTP虚拟用户配置
yum -y install vsftpd db4* pam* #db4是实现文件数据库的包,pam是认证的模块
vsftpd服务的宿主用户
useradd vsftpd -s /sbin/nologin
默认的vsftpd的服务宿主用户是root,可是这不符合安全性的须要。这里创建名字为vsftpd的用户,用他来做为支持vsftpd的服务宿主用户。因为该用户仅用来支持vsftpd服务用,所以没有许可他登录系统的必要,并设定他为不能登录系统的用户。 默认的vsftpd的服务宿主用户是root,这样并不安全。这里创建名字为vsftpd的用户,用他来做为支持vsftpd的服务宿主用户。因为该用户仅用来支持vsftpd服务用,所以没有许可他登录系统的必要,并设定他为不能登录系统的用户。
vsftpd的虚拟宿主用户
useradd virtual -d /var/www/html/ -s /sbin/nologin chown -R virtual:virtual /var/www/html/
vsftpd的虚拟用户并非系统用户,也就是说这些FTP的用户在系统中是不存在的。他们的整体权限实际上是集中寄托在一个在系统中的某一个用户身上的,所谓vsftpd的虚拟宿主用户,就是这样一个支持着全部虚拟用户的宿主用户。因为他支撑了FTP的全部虚拟的用户,那么他自己的权限将会影响着这些虚拟的用户,所以,处于安全性的考虑,也要非分注意对该用户的权限的控制,该用户也绝对没有登录系统的必要,这里也设定他为不能登录系统的用户。
vsftpd.conf基本配置
vim /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
# Example config file /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf # # The default compiled in settings are fairly paranoid. This sample file # loosens things up a bit, to make the ftp daemon more usable. # Please see vsftpd.conf.5 for all compiled in defaults. # # READ THIS: This example file is NOT an exhaustive list of vsftpd options. # Please read the vsftpd.conf.5 manual page to get a full idea of vsftpd's # capabilities. # # Allow anonymous FTP? (Beware - allowed by default if you comment this out). anonymous_enable=NO # # Uncomment this to allow local users to log in. local_enable=YES # # Uncomment this to enable any form of FTP write command. write_enable=YES # # Default umask for local users is 077. You may wish to change this to 022, # if your users expect that (022 is used by most other ftpd's) local_umask=022 # # Uncomment this to allow the anonymous FTP user to upload files. This only # has an effect if the above global write enable is activated. Also, you will # obviously need to create a directory writable by the FTP user. #anon_upload_enable=YES # # Uncomment this if you want the anonymous FTP user to be able to create # new directories. #anon_mkdir_write_enable=YES # # Activate directory messages - messages given to remote users when they # go into a certain directory. dirmessage_enable=YES # # The target log file can be vsftpd_log_file or xferlog_file. # This depends on setting xferlog_std_format parameter xferlog_enable=YES # # Make sure PORT transfer connections originate from port 20 (ftp-data). connect_from_port_20=YES # # If you want, you can arrange for uploaded anonymous files to be owned by # a different user. Note! Using "root" for uploaded files is not # recommended! #chown_uploads=YES #chown_username=whoever # # The name of log file when xferlog_enable=YES and xferlog_std_format=YES # WARNING - changing this filename affects /etc/logrotate.d/vsftpd.log #xferlog_file=/var/log/xferlog # # Switches between logging into vsftpd_log_file and xferlog_file files. # NO writes to vsftpd_log_file, YES to xferlog_file xferlog_std_format=YES # # You may change the default value for timing out an idle session. #idle_session_timeout=600 # # You may change the default value for timing out a data connection. #data_connection_timeout=120 # # It is recommended that you define on your system a unique user which the # ftp server can use as a totally isolated and unprivileged user. #nopriv_user=ftpsecure # # Enable this and the server will recognise asynchronous ABOR requests. Not # recommended for security (the code is non-trivial). Not enabling it, # however, may confuse older FTP clients. #async_abor_enable=YES # # By default the server will pretend to allow ASCII mode but in fact ignore # the request. Turn on the below options to have the server actually do ASCII # mangling on files when in ASCII mode. # Beware that on some FTP servers, ASCII support allows a denial of service # attack (DoS) via the command "SIZE /big/file" in ASCII mode. vsftpd # predicted this attack and has always been safe, reporting the size of the # raw file. # ASCII mangling is a horrible feature of the protocol. #ascii_upload_enable=YES #ascii_download_enable=YES # # You may fully customise the login banner string: #ftpd_banner=Welcome to blah FTP service. # # You may specify a file of disallowed anonymous e-mail addresses. Apparently # useful for combatting certain DoS attacks. #deny_email_enable=YES # (default follows) #banned_email_file=/etc/vsftpd/banned_emails # # You may specify an explicit list of local users to chroot() to their home # directory. If chroot_local_user is YES, then this list becomes a list of # users to NOT chroot(). #chroot_list_enable=YES # (default follows) #chroot_list_file=/etc/vsftpd/chroot_list # # You may activate the "-R" option to the builtin ls. This is disabled by # default to avoid remote users being able to cause excessive I/O on large # sites. However, some broken FTP clients such as "ncftp" and "mirror" assume # the presence of the "-R" option, so there is a strong case for enabling it. #ls_recurse_enable=YES # # When "listen" directive is enabled, vsftpd runs in standalone mode and # listens on IPv4 sockets. This directive cannot be used in conjunction # with the listen_ipv6 directive. listen=YES listen_port=56880 pasv_min_port=30000 pasv_max_port=35000 # # This directive enables listening on IPv6 sockets. To listen on IPv4 and IPv6 # sockets, you must run two copies of vsftpd whith two configuration files. # Make sure, that one of the listen options is commented !! #listen_ipv6=YES pam_service_name=vsftpd.vu #pam_service_name=vsftpd userlist_enable=YES tcp_wrappers=YES chroot_local_user=YES guest_enable=YES guest_username=virtual virtual_use_local_privs=YES #reverse_lookup_enable=NO user_config_dir=/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd_user_conf
创建虚拟用户名单文件
vim /etc/vsftpd/ftpuser.txt 内容以下:
user1 password1 user2 password2
一行用户,接着一行是该用户的密码
生成虚拟用户数据文件
db_load -T -t hash -f /etc/vsftpd/ftpuser.txt /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd_login.db chmod 600 /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd_login.db
配置PAM验证文件 vim /etc/pam.d/vsftpd.vu 将如下内容加入到文件最前面(在后面加入无效): 32位系统:
auth required /lib/security/pam_userdb.so db=/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd_login account required /lib/security/pam_userdb.so db=/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd_login
64位系统:
auth required /lib64/security/pam_userdb.so db=/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd_login account required /lib64/security/pam_userdb.so db=/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd_login
上一步创建的数据库 vsftpd_login 在此处被使用,创建的虚拟用户将采用PAM进行验证,这是经过/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf文件中的语句pam_service_name=vsftpd.vu来启用的。
vsftpd虚拟用户的独立配置:
mkdir -p /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd_user_conf vim /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd_user_conf/user1
配置以下:
anon_world_readable_only=NO write_enable=YES anon_upload_enable=YES anon_mkdir_write_enable=YES anon_other_write_enable=YES local_root=/var/virtualbaseuser/user1
创建虚拟用户的目录
mkdir /var/virtualbaseuser/user1
vsftpd服务器之间的站点对传 有时候可能须要开启vsftpd服务器之间的站点对传功能,只需在主配置文件 /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf 里加入以下参数便可:
pasv_promiscuous=YES port_promiscuous=YES
说明 port_promiscuous=YES|NO 默认值为NO。为YES时,取消PORT安全检查。该检查确保外出的数据只能链接到客户端上。当心打开此选项。 pasv_promiscuous=YES|NO 默认值为NO。为YES时,将关闭PASV模式的安全检查。该检查确保数据链接和控制链接是来自同一个IP地址。当心打开此选项。此选项惟一合理的用法是存在于由安全隧道方案构成的组织中。 因为取消了数据包的安全检查,容许数据流向非客户端,因此站点对传成功。
配置修改完成后,重启vsftpd服务生效: /etc/init.d/vsftpd restart