浅谈 MySQL 子查询及其优化

使用过oracle或者其余关系数据库的DBA或者开发人员都有这样的经验,在子查询上都认为数据库已经作过优化,可以很好的选择驱动表执行,而后在把该经验移植到mysql数据库上,可是不幸的是,mysql在子查询的处理上有可能会让你大失所望,在咱们的生产系统上就碰到过一些案例,例如: mysql

SELECT i_id,
       sum(i_sell) AS i_sell
FROM table_data
WHERE i_id IN
    (SELECT i_id
     FROM table_data
     WHERE Gmt_create >= '2011-10-07 00:00:00')
GROUP BY i_id;
(备注:sql的业务逻辑能够打个比方:先查询出10-07号新卖出的100本书,而后在查询这新卖出的100本书在整年的销量状况)。

这条sql之因此出现的性能问题在于mysql优化器在处理子查询的弱点,mysql优化器在处理子查询的时候,会将将子查询改写。一般状况下,咱们但愿由内到外,先完成子查询的结果,而后在用子查询来驱动外查询的表,完成查询;可是mysql处理为将会先扫描外面表中的全部数据,每条数据将会传到子查询中与子查询关联,若是外表很大的话,那么性能上将会出现问题;
针对上面的查询,因为table_data这张表的数据有70W的数据,同时子查询中的数据较多,有大量是重复的,这样就须要关联近70W次,大量的关联致使这条sql执行了几个小时也没有执行完成,因此咱们须要改写sql:
sql

SELECT t2.i_id,
       SUM(t2.i_sell) AS sold
FROM
  (SELECT DISTINCT i_id
   FROM table_data
   WHERE gmt_create >= '2011-10-07 00:00:00') t1,
                                              table_data t2
WHERE t1.i_id = t2.i_id
GROUP BY t2.i_id;
咱们将子查询改成了关联,同时在子查询中加上distinct,减小t1关联t2的次数;
改造后,sql的执行时间降到100ms之内。
mysql的子查询的优化一直不是很友好,一直有受业界批评比较多,也是我在sql优化中遇到过最多的问题之一,mysql在处理子查询的时候,会将子查询改写,一般状况下,咱们但愿由内到外,也就是先完成子查询的结果,而后在用子查询来驱动外查询的表,完成查询,可是偏偏相反,子查询不会先被执行;今天但愿经过介绍一些实际的案例来加深对mysql子查询的理解。下面将介绍一个完整的案例及其分析、调优的过程与思路。

一、案例

用户反馈数据库响应较慢,许多业务动更新被卡住;登陆到数据库中观察,发现长时间执行的sql;
数据库

| 10437 | usr0321t9m9 | 10.242.232.50:51201 | oms | Execute | 1179 | Sending

Sql为:

SELECT tradedto0_.*
FROM a1 tradedto0_
WHERE tradedto0_.tradestatus='1'
  AND (tradedto0_.tradeoid IN
         (SELECT orderdto1_.tradeoid
          FROM a2 orderdto1_
          WHERE orderdto1_.proname LIKE '%??%'
            OR orderdto1_.procode LIKE '%??%'))
  AND tradedto0_.undefine4='1'
  AND tradedto0_.invoicetype='1'
  AND tradedto0_.tradestep='0'
  AND (tradedto0_.orderCompany LIKE '0002%')
ORDER BY tradedto0_.tradesign ASC,
         tradedto0_.makertime DESC LIMIT 15;

二、现象:其余表的更新被阻塞

UPDATE a1
SET tradesign='DAB67634-795C-4EAC-B4A0-78F0D531D62F',
              markColor=' #CD5555',
                        memotime='2012-09- 22',
                                 markPerson='??'
WHERE tradeoid IN ('gy2012092204495100032') ;
为了尽快恢复应用,将其长时间执行的sql kill掉后,应用恢复正常;

三、分析执行计划:

db@3306 :explain
SELECT tradedto0_.*
FROM a1 tradedto0_
WHERE tradedto0_.tradestatus='1'
  AND (tradedto0_.tradeoid IN
         (SELECT orderdto1_.tradeoid
          FROM a2 orderdto1_
          WHERE orderdto1_.proname LIKE '%??%'
            OR orderdto1_.procode LIKE '%??%'))
  AND tradedto0_.undefine4='1'
  AND tradedto0_.invoicetype='1'
  AND tradedto0_.tradestep='0'
  AND (tradedto0_.orderCompany LIKE '0002%')
ORDER BY tradedto0_.tradesign ASC,
         tradedto0_.makertime DESC LIMIT 15;

+----+--------------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+-------+-----
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+--------------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+-------+-----
| 1 | PRIMARY | tradedto0_ | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 27454 | Using where; Using filesort |
| 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | orderdto1_ | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 40998 | Using where |
+----+--------------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+-------+-----
从执行计划上,咱们开始一步一步地进行优化:
首先,咱们看看执行计划的第二行,也就是子查询的那部分,orderdto1_进行了全表的扫描,咱们看看能不能添加适当的索引:

A . 使用覆盖索引:

db@3306:alter table a2 add index ind_a2(proname,procode,tradeoid);
ERROR 1071 (42000): Specified key was too long; max key length is 1000 bytes
添加组合索引超过了最大key length限制:

B.查看该表的字段定义:

db@3306 :DESC  a2 ;
+---------------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| FIELD               | TYPE          | NULL | KEY | DEFAULT | Extra |
+---------------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| OID                 | VARCHAR(50)   | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| TRADEOID            | VARCHAR(50)   | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| PROCODE             | VARCHAR(50)   | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| PRONAME             | VARCHAR(1000) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| SPCTNCODE           | VARCHAR(200)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |

C.查看表字段的平均长度:

db@3306 :SELECT MAX(LENGTH(PRONAME)),avg(LENGTH(PRONAME)) FROM a2;
+----------------------+----------------------+
| MAX(LENGTH(PRONAME)) | avg(LENGTH(PRONAME)) |
+----------------------+----------------------+
|    95              |       24.5588 |

D.缩小字段长度

ALTER TABLE MODIFY COLUMN PRONAME VARCHAR(156);
再进行执行计划分析:

db@3306 :explain
SELECT tradedto0_.*
FROM a1 tradedto0_
WHERE tradedto0_.tradestatus='1'
  AND (tradedto0_.tradeoid IN
         (SELECT orderdto1_.tradeoid
          FROM a2 orderdto1_
          WHERE orderdto1_.proname LIKE '%??%'
            OR orderdto1_.procode LIKE '%??%'))
  AND tradedto0_.undefine4='1'
  AND tradedto0_.invoicetype='1'
  AND tradedto0_.tradestep='0'
  AND (tradedto0_.orderCompany LIKE '0002%')
ORDER BY tradedto0_.tradesign ASC,
         tradedto0_.makertime DESC LIMIT 15;


+----+--------------------+------------+-------+-----------------+----------------------+---------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+--------------------+------------+-------+-----------------+----------------------+---------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | tradedto0_ | ref | ind_tradestatus | ind_tradestatus | 345 | const,const,const,const | 8962 | Using where; Using filesort |
| 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | orderdto1_ | index | NULL | ind_a2 | 777 | NULL | 41005 | Using where; Using index |
+----+--------------------+------------+-------+-----------------+----------------------+---------+
发现性能仍是上不去,关键在两个表扫描的行数并无减少(8962*41005),上面添加的索引没有太大的效果,如今查看t表的执行结果:

db@3306 :
SELECT orderdto1_.tradeoid
FROM t orderdto1_
WHERE orderdto1_.proname LIKE '%??%'
  OR orderdto1_.procode LIKE '%??%';

 Empty
SET (0.05 sec)
结果集为空,因此须要将t表的结果集作做为驱动表;

四、改写子查询:

经过上面测试验证,普通的mysql子查询写法性能上是不好的,为mysql的子查询自然的弱点,须要将sql进行改写为关联的写法:
mysql优化

SELECT tradedto0_.*
FROM a1 tradedto0_ ,
  (SELECT orderdto1_.tradeoid
   FROM a2 orderdto1_
   WHERE orderdto1_.proname LIKE '%??%'
     OR orderdto1_.procode LIKE '%??%')t2
WHERE tradedto0_.tradestatus='1'
  AND (tradedto0_.tradeoid=t2.tradeoid)
  AND tradedto0_.undefine4='1'
  AND tradedto0_.invoicetype='1'
  AND tradedto0_.tradestep='0'
  AND (tradedto0_.orderCompany LIKE '0002%')
ORDER BY tradedto0_.tradesign ASC,
         tradedto0_.makertime DESC LIMIT 15;

五、查看执行计划:

db@3306 :explain
SELECT tradedto0_.*
FROM a1 tradedto0_ ,
  (SELECT orderdto1_.tradeoid
   FROM a2 orderdto1_
   WHERE orderdto1_.proname LIKE '%??%'
     OR orderdto1_.procode LIKE '%??%')t2
WHERE tradedto0_.tradestatus='1'
  AND (tradedto0_.tradeoid=t2.tradeoid)
  AND tradedto0_.undefine4='1'
  AND tradedto0_.invoicetype='1'
  AND tradedto0_.tradestep='0'
  AND (tradedto0_.orderCompany LIKE '0002%')
ORDER BY tradedto0_.tradesign ASC,
         tradedto0_.makertime DESC LIMIT 15;

+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------------+---------+------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------------+---------+------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | Impossible WHERE noticed after reading const tables |
| 2 | DERIVED | orderdto1_ | index | NULL | ind_a2 | 777 | NULL | 41005 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------------+---------+------+

六、执行时间:

db@3306 :
SELECT tradedto0_.*
FROM a1 tradedto0_ ,
  (SELECT orderdto1_.tradeoid
   FROM a2 orderdto1_
   WHERE orderdto1_.proname LIKE '%??%'
     OR orderdto1_.procode LIKE '%??%')t2
WHERE tradedto0_.tradestatus='1'
  AND (tradedto0_.tradeoid=t2.tradeoid)
  AND tradedto0_.undefine4='1'
  AND tradedto0_.invoicetype='1'
  AND tradedto0_.tradestep='0'
  AND (tradedto0_.orderCompany LIKE '0002%')
ORDER BY tradedto0_.tradesign ASC,
         tradedto0_.makertime DESC LIMIT 15;

 Empty
SET (0.03 sec)
缩短到了毫秒;

七、总结:

1. mysql子查询在执行计划上有着明显的弱点,须要将子查询进行改写
能够参考:
a. 生产库中遇到mysql的子查询:http://hidba.org/?p=412
b. 内建的builtin InnoDB,子查询阻塞更新:http://hidba.org/?p=456
2. 在表结构设计上,不要随便使用varchar(N)的大字段,致使没法使用索引
能够参考:
a. JDBC内存管理—varchar2(4000)的影响:http://hidba.org/?p=31
b. innodb中大字段的限制:http://hidba.org/?p=144
c. innodb使用大字段text,blob的一些优化建议: http://hidba.org/?p=551

八、Refer:

[1] 生产库中遇到mysql的子查询  http://hidba.org/?p=412 oracle

[2] 浅谈mysql的子查询  http://hidba.org/?p=624 性能

[3] mysql子查询的弱点  http://hidba.org/?p=260 测试

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