iOS底层学习 - 类的前世此生(二)

经过上一个章节,咱们已经知道的类在底层是以什么样的方式存在的,而且类的属性,成员变量和方法的存储也有了必定的了解,可是类的方法是怎么读取的,每次都要从存储的列表中读出来么,是否是又必定的缓存机制呢?咱们开始研究算法

传送门☞iOS底层学习 -类的前世此生(一)数组

cache_t结构

经过查看类的结构,咱们知道isa是用来指向类信息的,superclass是父类相关,class_data_bits_t是用来存储属性,方法等数据的,那么若是有缓存机制的话,必定是存储在cache_t中了缓存

struct objc_class : objc_object {
    // Class ISA;           //8
    Class superclass;       //8
    cache_t cache;          //16        // formerly cache pointer and vtable
    class_data_bits_t bits;  
...省略方法等信息...
};
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经过上一章节,咱们对cache_t有个初步的了解,结构如图 安全

cache_t功能

cache_t的底层是一个哈希表存在,用于缓存调用过的方法,提升查找速度,不用每次从class_data_bits_t进行遍历查找。用哈希表存储时,存储的位置是不肯定的,空间也有必定的浪费,可是时间复杂度比较低,是典型的空间换时间bash

cache_t定义

struct bucket_t *_buckets

struct bucket_t *_buckets是一个结构体指针less

  • cache_key_t为方法的SEL,也就是方法名,
  • MethodCacheIMP为对应的函数的内存地址

struct bucket_t * find(cache_key_t key, id receiver);方法能够得出,cache_t底层的存储是一个以cache_key_t为key,bucket_t为value的一个哈希表函数

struct bucket_t {
private:
    // IMP-first is better for arm64e ptrauth and no worse for arm64.
    // SEL-first is better for armv7* and i386 and x86_64.
#if __arm64__
    MethodCacheIMP _imp;
    cache_key_t _key;
#else
    cache_key_t _key;
    MethodCacheIMP _imp;
#endif

public:
    inline cache_key_t key() const { return _key; }
    inline IMP imp() const { return (IMP)_imp; }
    inline void setKey(cache_key_t newKey) { _key = newKey; }
    inline void setImp(IMP newImp) { _imp = newImp; }

    void set(cache_key_t newKey, IMP newImp);
};
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mask_t _mask

mask_t _mask只是一个32位的int值 ,等于(哈希表长度 - 1)post

typedef uint32_t mask_t;
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mask_t _occupied

同理_occupied也是一个值,记录了缓存的方法的数量学习

cache_t流程

经过对objc_cache.mm源码的注释的阅读,咱们能够获得一个缓存读写的大体过程。相关读取的过程,即在方法转发过程当中,获取到已缓存的IMP函数指针,从而得到方法 ,重点在存取的过程,能够从方法cache_fill开始ui

cache_fill

经过注释咱们得知,存取的过程是须要加锁来保证线程安全的,_collecting_in_critical相似轮询线程,保证调用,因此,主要实现的主要方法再cache_fill_nolock(cls, sel, imp, receiver);中进行

void cache_fill(Class cls, SEL sel, IMP imp, id receiver)
{
#if !DEBUG_TASK_THREADS
    mutex_locker_t lock(cacheUpdateLock);
    cache_fill_nolock(cls, sel, imp, receiver);
#else
    _collecting_in_critical();
    return;
#endif
}
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locker构造时加锁,析构时解锁,正好保护了方法做用域内的方法调用。这和 EasyReact 中大量使用的__attribute__((cleanup(AnyFUNC), unused))一模一样,都是为了实现自动解锁的效果。

class locker : nocopy_t {
        mutex_tt& lock;
    public:
        locker(mutex_tt& newLock) 
            : lock(newLock) { lock.lock(); }
        ~locker() { lock.unlock(); }
    };
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cache_fill_nolock

static void cache_fill_nolock(Class cls, SEL sel, IMP imp, id receiver)
{
    cacheUpdateLock.assertLocked();

    // Never cache before +initialize is done
    if (!cls->isInitialized()) return;

    // Make sure the entry was not added to the cache by some other thread 
    // before we grabbed the cacheUpdateLock.
    
    if (cache_getImp(cls, sel)) return;

    cache_t *cache = getCache(cls);
    cache_key_t key = getKey(sel);

    // Use the cache as-is if it is less than 3/4 full
    
    mask_t newOccupied = cache->occupied() + 1;
    mask_t capacity = cache->capacity();
    if (cache->isConstantEmptyCache()) {
    // Cache is read-only. Replace it.
    cache->reallocate(capacity, capacity ?: INIT_CACHE_SIZE);
    }
    else if (newOccupied <= capacity / 4 * 3) {
    // Cache is less than 3/4 full. Use it as-is.
    }
    else {
    // Cache is too full. Expand it.
    cache->expand();
    }

    // Scan for the first unused slot and insert there.
    // There is guaranteed to be an empty slot because the 
    // minimum size is 4 and we resized at 3/4 full.
    bucket_t *bucket = cache->find(key, receiver);
    if (bucket->key() == 0) cache->incrementOccupied();
    bucket->set(key, imp);
}

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经过上面的源码,咱们能够得出如下主要步骤

  • if (!cls->isInitialized()) return;若是类没有进行初始化操做,则不能进行缓存的操做,这个比较好理解
  • if (cache_getImp(cls, sel)) return;由于有可能其余线程先进行了存储,因此须要再找查找一遍,若是能够找到缓存,则直接返回,不须要进行缓存的存储
  • cache_t *cache = getCache(cls);cache_key_t key = getKey(sel);分别为获取到类的cache_t对象和根据方法名获取到cache_key_t对象
  • mask_t newOccupied = cache->occupied() + 1;mask_t capacity = cache->capacity();分别为cache对象的Occupied和mask对象在原基础上+1
  • if (cache->isConstantEmptyCache())表示cache是只读的,此时,须要执行cache->reallocate(capacity, capacity ?: INIT_CACHE_SIZE);方法进行从新申请内存
  • else if (newOccupied <= capacity / 4 * 3)没有超出哈希表3/4容量时,跳过直接进行下面缓存的操做
  • 若是超出哈希表3/4容量时,须要执行cache->expand();进行哈希表扩容
  • bucket_t *bucket = cache->find(key, receiver);根据key进行方法存储
  • cache->incrementOccupied()Occupied++
  • bucket->set(key, imp);写入哈希表

经过上面的分析,咱们对cache的存储流程有了大致的了解,其中重点的流程在于缓存如何申请空间cache->reallocate(capacity, capacity ?: INIT_CACHE_SIZE),如何扩容cache->expand();,如何写入缓存bucket_t *bucket = cache->find(key, receiver);

cache->reallocate(capacity, capacity ?: INIT_CACHE_SIZE)

首先是isConstantEmptyCache()方法,表示buckets是一个只读数组。主要逻辑以下

  • occupied是否为空,即_occupied值是否为0;
  • 根据传入的capacity计算大小,若是小于EMPTY_BYTES,则直接返回(bucket_t *)&_objc_empty_cache,二进制运算后为空
  • 因此这方法基本就表示此时空间尚未初始化,因此须要初始化
bool cache_t::isConstantEmptyCache()
{
    return 
    occupied() == 0  &&  
    buckets() == emptyBucketsForCapacity(capacity(), false);
}

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bucket_t *emptyBucketsForCapacity(mask_t capacity, bool allocate = true)
{
    cacheUpdateLock.assertLocked();

    size_t bytes = cache_t::bytesForCapacity(capacity);

    // Use _objc_empty_cache if the buckets is small enough.
    if (bytes <= EMPTY_BYTES) {
        return (bucket_t *)&_objc_empty_cache;
    }

    // Use shared empty buckets allocated on the heap.
    static bucket_t **emptyBucketsList = nil;
    static mask_t emptyBucketsListCount = 0;
    
    mask_t index = log2u(capacity);

    if (index >= emptyBucketsListCount) {
        if (!allocate) return nil;

        mask_t newListCount = index + 1;
        bucket_t *newBuckets = (bucket_t *)calloc(bytes, 1);
        emptyBucketsList = (bucket_t**)
            realloc(emptyBucketsList, newListCount * sizeof(bucket_t *));
        // Share newBuckets for every un-allocated size smaller than index.
        // The array is therefore always fully populated.
        for (mask_t i = emptyBucketsListCount; i < newListCount; i++) {
            emptyBucketsList[i] = newBuckets;
        }
        emptyBucketsListCount = newListCount;

        if (PrintCaches) {
            _objc_inform("CACHES: new empty buckets at %p (capacity %zu)", 
                         newBuckets, (size_t)capacity);
        }
    }

    return emptyBucketsList[index];
}
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其次,是cache_t::reallocate方法,这个方法主要是用来申请缓存空间,主要逻辑以下

  • canBeFreed()表示缓存空间不为空,若是为空则不须要后续的清空操做
  • bucket_t *oldBuckets = buckets();获取旧的缓存空间,bucket_t *newBuckets = allocateBuckets(newCapacity);是指根据传入的空间,生成新的缓存空间,初始值为INIT_CACHE_SIZE4字节
  • setBucketsAndMask(newBuckets, newCapacity - 1);设置cache_t中的属性
  • cache_collect_free(oldBuckets, oldCapacity);释放旧的缓存空间,在新的缓存空间进行缓存
void cache_t::reallocate(mask_t oldCapacity, mask_t newCapacity)
{
    bool freeOld = canBeFreed();

    bucket_t *oldBuckets = buckets();
    bucket_t *newBuckets = allocateBuckets(newCapacity);

    // Cache is not old contents are not propagated. 
    // This is thought to save cache memory at the cost of extra cache fills.
    // fixme re-measure this

    assert(newCapacity > 0);
    assert((uintptr_t)(mask_t)(newCapacity-1) == newCapacity-1);

    setBucketsAndMask(newBuckets, newCapacity - 1);
    
    if (freeOld) {
        cache_collect_free(oldBuckets, oldCapacity);
        cache_collect(false);
    }
}
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cache->expand()

这个方法就是判断若是此时存储大于了缓存空间的3/4时,对缓存空间进行扩容,算法也比较简单粗暴,就是以前缓存空间的2倍大小,完成后调用reallocate生成空间

void cache_t::expand()
{
    cacheUpdateLock.assertLocked();
    
    uint32_t oldCapacity = capacity();
    uint32_t newCapacity = oldCapacity ? oldCapacity*2 : INIT_CACHE_SIZE;

    if ((uint32_t)(mask_t)newCapacity != newCapacity) {
        // mask overflow - can not grow further
        // fixme this wastes one bit of mask
        newCapacity = oldCapacity;
    }

    reallocate(oldCapacity, newCapacity);
}
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bucket_t *bucket = cache->find(key, receiver);

这个方法就是根据key找到底层哈希表存储的对应的bucket_t,主要流程以下

  • cache_hash 经过cache_hash函数,即key&mask计算出key值对应的index值 begin,用来记录查询起始索引
  • do while循环表示用这个i从散列表取值,若是取出来的bucket_t的 key = k,则查询成功,返回该bucket_t,若是key = 0,说明在索引i的位置上尚未缓存过方法,一样须要返回该bucket_t,用于停止缓存查询。
  • while至关于 i = i-1,回到上面do循环里面,至关于查找散列表上一个单元格里面的元素,再次进行key值k的比较,当i=0时,也就i指向散列表最首个元素索引的时候从新将mask赋值给i,使其指向散列表最后一个元素,从新开始反向遍历散列表,其实就至关于绕圈,把散列表头尾连起来,不就是一个圈嘛,从begin值开始,递减索引值,当走过一圈以后,必然会从新回到begin值,若是此时尚未找到key对应的bucket_t,或者是空的bucket_t,则循环结束,说明查找失败,调用bad_cache方法。
bucket_t * cache_t::find(cache_key_t k, id receiver)
{
    assert(k != 0);

    bucket_t *b = buckets();
    mask_t m = mask();
    mask_t begin = cache_hash(k, m);
    // begin 赋值给 i,用于切换索引
    mask_t i = begin;
    do {
        if (b[i].key() == 0  ||  b[i].key() == k) {
            return &b[i];
        }
    } while ((i = cache_next(i, m)) != begin);
   
    Class cls = (Class)((uintptr_t)this - offsetof(objc_class, cache));
    cache_t::bad_cache(receiver, (SEL)k, cls);
}
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static inline mask_t cache_hash(cache_key_t key, mask_t mask) 
{
    return (mask_t)(key & mask);
}
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static inline mask_t cache_next(mask_t i, mask_t mask) {
    return (i+1) & mask;
}
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至此,一个cache的基本流程就完成了

总结

  • 当方法调用须要被缓存时,以cache_key_t_keyMethodCacheIMP的方式缓存在类的_buckets中,初始是一个4字节的哈希表,mask值为哈希表长度-1。存储时,使用SEL转换为的cache_key_t_key&mask来当作下标存入哈希表
  • 当存储控件大于哈希表容量3/4时,会进行扩容,扩容会清空以前因此缓存,并生成以前缓存空间2倍的新空间进行从新缓存

参考

iOS 底层拾遗:objc_msgSend 与方法缓存

Runtime笔记(三)—— OC Class的方法缓存cache_t

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