(1)ReentrantLock有哪些优势?java
(2)ReentrantLock有哪些缺点?c++
(3)ReentrantLock是否能够彻底替代synchronized?多线程
synchronized是Java原生提供的用于在多线程环境中保证同步的关键字,底层是经过修改对象头中的MarkWord来实现的。oop
ReentrantLock是Java语言层面提供的用于在多线程环境中保证同步的类,底层是经过原子更新状态变量state来实现的。性能
既然有了synchronized的关键字来保证同步了,为何还要实现一个ReentrantLock类呢?它们之间有什么异同呢?测试
直接上表格:(手机横屏查看更方便)优化
功能 | ReentrantLock | synchronized |
---|---|---|
可重入 | 支持 | 支持 |
非公平 | 支持(默认) | 支持 |
加锁/解锁方式 | 须要手动加锁、解锁,通常使用try..finally..保证锁可以释放 | 手动加锁,无需刻意解锁 |
按key锁 | 不支持,好比按用户id加锁 | 支持,synchronized加锁时须要传入一个对象 |
公平锁 | 支持,new ReentrantLock(true) | 不支持 |
中断 | 支持,lockInterruptibly() | 不支持 |
尝试加锁 | 支持,tryLock() | 不支持 |
超时锁 | 支持,tryLock(timeout, unit) | 不支持 |
获取当前线程获取锁的次数 | 支持,getHoldCount() | 不支持 |
获取等待的线程 | 支持,getWaitingThreads() | 不支持 |
检测是否被当前线程占有 | 支持,isHeldByCurrentThread() | 不支持 |
检测是否被任意线程占有 | 支持,isLocked() | 不支持 |
条件锁 | 可支持多个条件,condition.await(),condition.signal(),condition.signalAll() | 只支持一个,obj.wait(),obj.notify(),obj.notifyAll() |
在测试以前,咱们先预想一下结果,随着线程数的不断增长,ReentrantLock(fair)、ReentrantLock(unfair)、synchronized三者的效率怎样呢?线程
我猜想应该是ReentrantLock(unfair)> synchronized > ReentrantLock(fair)。code
究竟是不是这样呢?对象
直接上测试代码:(为了全面对比,彤哥这里把AtomicInteger和LongAdder也拿来一块儿对比了)
public class ReentrantLockVsSynchronizedTest { public static AtomicInteger a = new AtomicInteger(0); public static LongAdder b = new LongAdder(); public static int c = 0; public static int d = 0; public static int e = 0; public static final ReentrantLock fairLock = new ReentrantLock(true); public static final ReentrantLock unfairLock = new ReentrantLock(); public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException { System.out.println("-------------------------------------"); testAll(1, 100000); System.out.println("-------------------------------------"); testAll(2, 100000); System.out.println("-------------------------------------"); testAll(4, 100000); System.out.println("-------------------------------------"); testAll(6, 100000); System.out.println("-------------------------------------"); testAll(8, 100000); System.out.println("-------------------------------------"); testAll(10, 100000); System.out.println("-------------------------------------"); testAll(50, 100000); System.out.println("-------------------------------------"); testAll(100, 100000); System.out.println("-------------------------------------"); testAll(200, 100000); System.out.println("-------------------------------------"); testAll(500, 100000); System.out.println("-------------------------------------"); // testAll(1000, 1000000); System.out.println("-------------------------------------"); testAll(500, 10000); System.out.println("-------------------------------------"); testAll(500, 1000); System.out.println("-------------------------------------"); testAll(500, 100); System.out.println("-------------------------------------"); testAll(500, 10); System.out.println("-------------------------------------"); testAll(500, 1); System.out.println("-------------------------------------"); } public static void testAll(int threadCount, int loopCount) throws InterruptedException { testAtomicInteger(threadCount, loopCount); testLongAdder(threadCount, loopCount); testSynchronized(threadCount, loopCount); testReentrantLockUnfair(threadCount, loopCount); // testReentrantLockFair(threadCount, loopCount); } public static void testAtomicInteger(int threadCount, int loopCount) throws InterruptedException { long start = System.currentTimeMillis(); CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(threadCount); for (int i = 0; i < threadCount; i++) { new Thread(() -> { for (int j = 0; j < loopCount; j++) { a.incrementAndGet(); } countDownLatch.countDown(); }).start(); } countDownLatch.await(); System.out.println("testAtomicInteger: result=" + a.get() + ", threadCount=" + threadCount + ", loopCount=" + loopCount + ", elapse=" + (System.currentTimeMillis() - start)); } public static void testLongAdder(int threadCount, int loopCount) throws InterruptedException { long start = System.currentTimeMillis(); CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(threadCount); for (int i = 0; i < threadCount; i++) { new Thread(() -> { for (int j = 0; j < loopCount; j++) { b.increment(); } countDownLatch.countDown(); }).start(); } countDownLatch.await(); System.out.println("testLongAdder: result=" + b.sum() + ", threadCount=" + threadCount + ", loopCount=" + loopCount + ", elapse=" + (System.currentTimeMillis() - start)); } public static void testReentrantLockFair(int threadCount, int loopCount) throws InterruptedException { long start = System.currentTimeMillis(); CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(threadCount); for (int i = 0; i < threadCount; i++) { new Thread(() -> { for (int j = 0; j < loopCount; j++) { fairLock.lock(); // 消除try的性能影响 // try { c++; // } finally { fairLock.unlock(); // } } countDownLatch.countDown(); }).start(); } countDownLatch.await(); System.out.println("testReentrantLockFair: result=" + c + ", threadCount=" + threadCount + ", loopCount=" + loopCount + ", elapse=" + (System.currentTimeMillis() - start)); } public static void testReentrantLockUnfair(int threadCount, int loopCount) throws InterruptedException { long start = System.currentTimeMillis(); CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(threadCount); for (int i = 0; i < threadCount; i++) { new Thread(() -> { for (int j = 0; j < loopCount; j++) { unfairLock.lock(); // 消除try的性能影响 // try { d++; // } finally { unfairLock.unlock(); // } } countDownLatch.countDown(); }).start(); } countDownLatch.await(); System.out.println("testReentrantLockUnfair: result=" + d + ", threadCount=" + threadCount + ", loopCount=" + loopCount + ", elapse=" + (System.currentTimeMillis() - start)); } public static void testSynchronized(int threadCount, int loopCount) throws InterruptedException { long start = System.currentTimeMillis(); CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(threadCount); for (int i = 0; i < threadCount; i++) { new Thread(() -> { for (int j = 0; j < loopCount; j++) { synchronized (ReentrantLockVsSynchronizedTest.class) { e++; } } countDownLatch.countDown(); }).start(); } countDownLatch.await(); System.out.println("testSynchronized: result=" + e + ", threadCount=" + threadCount + ", loopCount=" + loopCount + ", elapse=" + (System.currentTimeMillis() - start)); } }
运行这段代码,你会发现结果大大出乎意料,真的是不测不知道,一测吓一跳,运行后发现如下规律:
随着线程数的不断增长,synchronized的效率居然比ReentrantLock非公平模式要高!
彤哥的电脑上大概是高3倍左右,个人运行环境是4核8G,java版本是8,请你们必定要在本身电脑上运行一下,而且最好能给我反馈一下。
彤哥又使用Java7及如下的版本运行了,发如今Java7及如下版本中synchronized的效率确实比ReentrantLock的效率低一些。
(1)synchronized是Java原生关键字锁;
(2)ReentrantLock是Java语言层面提供的锁;
(3)ReentrantLock的功能很是丰富,解决了不少synchronized的局限性;
(4)至于在非公平模式下,ReentrantLock与synchronized的效率孰高孰低,彤哥给出的结论是随着Java版本的不断升级,synchronized的效率只会愈来愈高;
既然ReentrantLock的功能更丰富,并且效率也不低,咱们是否是能够放弃使用synchronized了呢?
答:我认为不是。由于synchronized是Java原生支持的,随着Java版本的不断升级,Java团队也是在不断优化synchronized,因此我认为在功能相同的前提下,最好仍是使用原生的synchronized关键字来加锁,这样咱们就能得到Java版本升级带来的免费的性能提高的空间。
另外,在Java8的ConcurrentHashMap中已经把ReentrantLock换成了synchronized来分段加锁了,这也是Java版本不断升级带来的免费的synchronized的性能提高。
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