C++基础 学习笔记四：重载之函数重载

C++基础 学习笔记四：重载之函数重载

什么是函数重载

在C++中容许在同一做用域内声明几个功能相似的同名函数。也就是说用同一个函数完成不一样的功能。重载函数是静态多态性的体现。

函数重载的特色

1. 形式参数（指参数的个数、类型或者顺序）必须不一样。函数返回值类型能够相同也可不一样。
2. 匹配函数时并不区分const，引用&，可是const与*或&结合组成复合运算符时会进行区分，下面会进行代码演示。
3. 避免了命名空间的污染

函数重载的实现原理

编译程序时编译器会对函数的原始名称进行名称修饰，通过修饰获得的名称来表示函数。

函数重载的使用例子

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

class Printer
{
	private:
		int inkVolume;
		char printerType;
	public:
		Printer():inkVolume(0),printerType('Z')
			{cout << "print by none-arg function" <<endl;}
			
		Printer(int vol):inkVolume(vol),printerType('Z')
			{cout << "print by 1-arg function" <<endl;}
			
		Printer(int vol, char type):inkVolume(vol),printerType(type)
			{cout << "print by 2-arg function" <<endl;}
			
		//void print(int value){cout << value << " print by function #1" <<endl;}//#1
		
		void print (int value) const {cout << value << " print by const function #2" <<endl;}//#2
		
		void print(int &value){cout << value  << " print by function #3" <<endl;}//#3
		
		void print(const int &value){cout << value  << " print by function #4" <<endl;}//#4
		
		void print(int &&value){cout << value  << " print by function #5" <<endl;}//#5
		
		//int print(int value){cout << value  << " print by function #6" <<endl;return 0;}//#6仅返回值不一样，编译不经过
		
		//void print(const int value){cout << value  << " print by function #7" <<endl;}//#7
		
		//void print(int value, int value2 = 1){cout << value << value2  << " print by function #8" <<endl;}//#8默认参数在后 
			
		void print(float value){cout << value  << " print by function #9" <<endl;}//#9
		
		void print(char value){cout << value  << " print by function #10" <<endl;}//#10
		
		void print(char* value){cout << *value  << " print by function #11" <<endl;}//#11
		
		void print(const char* value){cout << *value  << " print by function #12" <<endl;}//#12
		
		//void print(char* const value){cout << value  << " print by function #13" <<endl;}//#13
};

int main()
{
	Printer printer1;
	Printer printer2(123);
	const Printer printer3(123,'A');
	
	int intValue = 123;
	const int c_intValue = 1234;
	float floatValue = 1.1;
	char charValue = 'A';
	char* p_charValue = new char('B');
	const char* cp_charValue = new char('C');
	
	
	//printer1.print(1);//1 是 当即数常量 能够调用#1，#4，#5 ，#2（当且仅当仅存在#2时） 
	printer3.print(1);//只调用 #2
	printer1.print(intValue);//#3 
	printer1.print(c_intValue);//#4 
	printer1.print(1+1);//#5 
	printer1.print(floatValue);//#9
	printer1.print(charValue);//#10 
	printer1.print(p_charValue);//#11
	printer1.print(cp_charValue);//#12
	
    return 0;
}
/* 运行结果为： 
print by none-arg function
print by 1-arg function
print by 2-arg function
1 print by const function #2
123 print by function #3
1234 print by function #4
2 print by function #5
1.1 print by function #9
A print by function #10
B print by function #11
C print by function #12

--------------------------------
Process exited after 0.09048 seconds with return value 0
请按任意键继续. . .
*/

代码分析

1. int value 和 const int value没有区别，做为参数时都不会改变实参的值。不可重载。
2. char *value和const char *value是有区别的，前者指向一个字符串变量，后者指向一个字符串常量。可重载。
3. char *value和char const *value没有区别，前者为字符指针变量，后者为字符指针常量。做为参数时都不会改变实参的值。不可重载。
4. int &value和const int &value是有区别的，前者指向一个整型变量，后者指向一个整型常量。可重载。
5. int &&value&&表示右值引用