模块,用一砣代码实现了某个功能的代码集合。 html
相似于函数式编程和面向过程编程,函数式编程则完成一个功能,其余代码用来调用便可,提供了代码的重用性和代码间的耦合。而对于一个复杂的功能来,可能须要多个函数才能完成(函数又能够在不一样的.py文件中),n个 .py 文件组成的代码集合就称为模块。node
如:os 是系统相关的模块;file是文件操做相关的模块python
模块分为三种:git
一、定义模块程序员
二、导入模块github
Python之因此应用愈来愈普遍,在必定程度上也依赖于其为程序员提供了大量的模块以供使用,若是想要使用模块,则须要导入。web
导入模块有一下几种方法:正则表达式
1 import module 2 from module.xx.xx import xx 3 from module.xx.xx import xx as rename 4 from module.xx.xx import *
导入模块其实就是告诉Python解释器去解释那个py文件算法
那么问题来了,导入模块时是根据那个路径做为基准来进行的呢?即:sys.pathshell
1 import sys 2 print sys.path 3
若是sys.path路径列表没有你想要的路径,能够经过 sys.path.append('路径') 添加。
1 import sys 2 import os 3 project_path = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))) 4 sys.path.append(project_path)
内置模块是Python自带的功能,在使用内置模块相应的功能时,须要【先导入】再【使用】
用于提供对Python解释器相关的操做:
1 sys.argv 命令行参数List,第一个元素是程序自己路径 2 sys.exit(n) 退出程序,正常退出时exit(0) 3 sys.version 获取Python解释程序的版本信息 4 sys.maxint 最大的Int值 5 sys.path 返回模块的搜索路径,初始化时使用PYTHONPATH环境变量的值 6 sys.platform 返回操做系统平台名称 7 sys.stdin 输入相关 8 sys.stdout 输出相关 9 sys.stderror 错误相关
import sys import time def view_bar(num, total): rate = float(num) / float(total) rate_num = int(rate * 100) r = '\r%d%%' % (rate_num, ) sys.stdout.write(r) sys.stdout.flush() if __name__ == '__main__': for i in range(0, 100): time.sleep(0.1) view_bar(i, 100)
用于提供系统级别的操做:
1 os.getcwd() 获取当前工做目录,即当前python脚本工做的目录路径 2 os.chdir("dirname") 改变当前脚本工做目录;至关于shell下cd 3 os.curdir 返回当前目录: ('.') 4 os.pardir 获取当前目录的父目录字符串名:('..') 5 os.makedirs('dir1/dir2') 可生成多层递归目录 6 os.removedirs('dirname1') 若目录为空,则删除,并递归到上一级目录,如若也为空,则删除,依此类推 7 os.mkdir('dirname') 生成单级目录;至关于shell中mkdir dirname 8 os.rmdir('dirname') 删除单级空目录,若目录不为空则没法删除,报错;至关于shell中rmdir dirname 9 os.listdir('dirname') 列出指定目录下的全部文件和子目录,包括隐藏文件,并以列表方式打印 10 os.remove() 删除一个文件 11 os.rename("oldname","new") 重命名文件/目录 12 os.stat('path/filename') 获取文件/目录信息 13 os.sep 操做系统特定的路径分隔符,win下为"\\",Linux下为"/" 14 os.linesep 当前平台使用的行终止符,win下为"\t\n",Linux下为"\n" 15 os.pathsep 用于分割文件路径的字符串 16 os.name 字符串指示当前使用平台。win->'nt'; Linux->'posix' 17 os.system("bash command") 运行shell命令,直接显示 18 os.environ 获取系统环境变量 19 os.path.abspath(path) 返回path规范化的绝对路径 20 os.path.split(path) 将path分割成目录和文件名二元组返回 21 os.path.dirname(path) 返回path的目录。其实就是os.path.split(path)的第一个元素 22 os.path.basename(path) 返回path最后的文件名。如何path以/或\结尾,那么就会返回空值。即os.path.split(path)的第二个元素 23 os.path.exists(path) 若是path存在,返回True;若是path不存在,返回False 24 os.path.isabs(path) 若是path是绝对路径,返回True 25 os.path.isfile(path) 若是path是一个存在的文件,返回True。不然返回False 26 os.path.isdir(path) 若是path是一个存在的目录,则返回True。不然返回False 27 os.path.join(path1[, path2[, ...]]) 将多个路径组合后返回,第一个绝对路径以前的参数将被忽略 28 os.path.getatime(path) 返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后存取时间 29 os.path.getmtime(path) 返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后修改时间
用于加密相关的操做,代替了md5模块和sha模块,主要提供 SHA1, SHA224, SHA256, SHA384, SHA512 ,MD5 算法
1 import hashlib 2 3 # ######## md5 ######## 4 hash = hashlib.md5() 5 # help(hash.update) 6 hash.update(bytes('admin', encoding='utf-8')) 7 print(hash.hexdigest()) 8 print(hash.digest()) 9 10 11 ######## sha1 ######## 12 13 hash = hashlib.sha1() 14 hash.update(bytes('admin', encoding='utf-8')) 15 print(hash.hexdigest()) 16 17 # ######## sha256 ######## 18 19 hash = hashlib.sha256() 20 hash.update(bytes('admin', encoding='utf-8')) 21 print(hash.hexdigest()) 22 23 24 # ######## sha384 ######## 25 26 hash = hashlib.sha384() 27 hash.update(bytes('admin', encoding='utf-8')) 28 print(hash.hexdigest()) 29 30 # ######## sha512 ######## 31 32 hash = hashlib.sha512() 33 hash.update(bytes('admin', encoding='utf-8')) 34 print(hash.hexdigest())
以上加密算法虽然依然很是厉害,但时候存在缺陷,即:经过撞库能够反解。因此,有必要对加密算法中添加自定义key再来作加密。
import hashlib # ######## md5 ######## hash = hashlib.md5(bytes('898oaFs09f',encoding="utf-8")) hash.update(bytes('admin',encoding="utf-8")) print(hash.hexdigest())
python内置还有一个 hmac 模块,它内部对咱们建立 key 和 内容 进行进一步的处理而后再加密
1 import hmac 2 3 h = hmac.new(bytes('898oaFs09f',encoding="utf-8")) 4 h.update(bytes('admin',encoding="utf-8")) 5 print(h.hexdigest())
1 import random 2 3 print(random.random()) 4 print(random.randint(1, 2)) 5 print(random.randrange(1, 10))
import random checkcode = '' for i in range(4): current = random.randrange(0,4) if current != i: temp = chr(random.randint(65,90)) else: temp = random.randint(0,9) checkcode += str(temp) print checkcode
python中re模块提供了正则表达式相关操做
字符:
. 匹配除换行符之外的任意字符
\w 匹配字母或数字或下划线或汉字
\s 匹配任意的空白符
\d 匹配数字
\b 匹配单词的开始或结束
^ 匹配字符串的开始
$ 匹配字符串的结束
次数:
* 重复零次或更屡次
+ 重复一次或更屡次
? 重复零次或一次
{n} 重复n次
{n,} 重复n次或更屡次
{n,m} 重复n到m次
match
1 # match,从起始位置开始匹配,匹配成功返回一个对象,未匹配成功返回None 2 3 4 match(pattern, string, flags=0) 5 # pattern: 正则模型 6 # string : 要匹配的字符串 7 # falgs : 匹配模式 8 X VERBOSE Ignore whitespace and comments for nicer looking RE's. 9 I IGNORECASE Perform case-insensitive matching. 10 M MULTILINE "^" matches the beginning of lines (after a newline) 11 as well as the string. 12 "$" matches the end of lines (before a newline) as well 13 as the end of the string. 14 S DOTALL "." matches any character at all, including the newline. 15 16 A ASCII For string patterns, make \w, \W, \b, \B, \d, \D 17 match the corresponding ASCII character categories 18 (rather than the whole Unicode categories, which is the 19 default). 20 For bytes patterns, this flag is the only available 21 behaviour and needn't be specified. 22 23 L LOCALE Make \w, \W, \b, \B, dependent on the current locale. 24 U UNICODE For compatibility only. Ignored for string patterns (it 25 is the default), and forbidden for bytes patterns.
# 无分组 r = re.match("h\w+", origin) print(r.group()) # 获取匹配到的全部结果 print(r.groups()) # 获取模型中匹配到的分组结果 print(r.groupdict()) # 获取模型中匹配到的分组结果 # 有分组 # 为什么要有分组?提取匹配成功的指定内容(先匹配成功所有正则,再匹配成功的局部内容提取出来) r = re.match("h(\w+).*(?P<name>\d)$", origin) print(r.group()) # 获取匹配到的全部结果 print(r.groups()) # 获取模型中匹配到的分组结果 print(r.groupdict()) # 获取模型中匹配到的分组中全部执行了key的组
search
1 # search,浏览整个字符串去匹配第一个,未匹配成功返回None 2 # search(pattern, string, flags=0)
# 无分组 r = re.search("a\w+", origin) print(r.group()) # 获取匹配到的全部结果 print(r.groups()) # 获取模型中匹配到的分组结果 print(r.groupdict()) # 获取模型中匹配到的分组结果 # 有分组 r = re.search("a(\w+).*(?P<name>\d)$", origin) print(r.group()) # 获取匹配到的全部结果 print(r.groups()) # 获取模型中匹配到的分组结果 print(r.groupdict()) # 获取模型中匹配到的分组中全部执行了key的组
findall
1 # findall,获取非重复的匹配列表;若是有一个组则以列表形式返回,且每个匹配均是字符串;若是模型中有多个组,则以列表形式返回,且每个匹配均是元祖; 2 # 空的匹配也会包含在结果中 3 #findall(pattern, string, flags=0)
# 无分组 r = re.findall("a\w+",origin) print(r) # 有分组 origin = "hello alex bcd abcd lge acd 19" r = re.findall("a((\w*)c)(d)", origin) print(r)
sub
1 # sub,替换匹配成功的指定位置字符串 2 3 sub(pattern, repl, string, count=0, flags=0) 4 # pattern: 正则模型 5 # repl : 要替换的字符串或可执行对象 6 # string : 要匹配的字符串 7 # count : 指定匹配个数 8 # flags : 匹配模式
# 与分组无关 origin = "hello alex bcd alex lge alex acd 19" r = re.sub("a\w+", "999", origin, 2) print(r)
split
1 # split,根据正则匹配分割字符串 2 3 split(pattern, string, maxsplit=0, flags=0) 4 # pattern: 正则模型 5 # string : 要匹配的字符串 6 # maxsplit:指定分割个数 7 # flags : 匹配模式
# 无分组 origin = "hello alex bcd alex lge alex acd 19" r = re.split("alex", origin, 1) print(r) # 有分组 origin = "hello alex bcd alex lge alex acd 19" r1 = re.split("(alex)", origin, 1) print(r1) r2 = re.split("(al(ex))", origin, 1) print(r2)
IP: ^(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)){3}$ 手机号: ^1[3|4|5|8][0-9]\d{8}$ 邮箱: [a-zA-Z0-9_-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+(\.[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+)+
Python中用于序列化的两个模块
Json模块提供了四个功能:dumps、dump、loads、load
pickle模块提供了四个功能:dumps、dump、loads、load
configparser用于处理特定格式的文件,其本质上是利用open来操做文件。
# 注释1 ; 注释2 [section1] # 节点 k1 = v1 # 值 k2:v2 # 值 [section2] # 节点 k1 = v1 # 值
一、获取全部节点
1 import configparser 2 3 config = configparser.ConfigParser() 4 config.read('xxxooo', encoding='utf-8') 5 ret = config.sections() 6 print(ret)
二、获取指定节点下全部的键值对
1 import configparser 2 3 config = configparser.ConfigParser() 4 config.read('xxxooo', encoding='utf-8') 5 ret = config.items('section1') 6 print(ret)
三、获取指定节点下全部的建
1 import configparser 2 3 config = configparser.ConfigParser() 4 config.read('xxxooo', encoding='utf-8') 5 ret = config.options('section1') 6 print(ret)
四、获取指定节点下指定key的值
1 import configparser 2 3 config = configparser.ConfigParser() 4 config.read('xxxooo', encoding='utf-8') 5 6 7 v = config.get('section1', 'k1') 8 # v = config.getint('section1', 'k1') 9 # v = config.getfloat('section1', 'k1') 10 # v = config.getboolean('section1', 'k1') 11 12 print(v)
五、检查、删除、添加节点
import configparser config = configparser.ConfigParser() config.read('xxxooo', encoding='utf-8') # 检查 has_sec = config.has_section('section1') print(has_sec) # 添加节点 config.add_section("SEC_1") config.write(open('xxxooo', 'w')) # 删除节点 config.remove_section("SEC_1") config.write(open('xxxooo', 'w'))
六、检查、删除、设置指定组内的键值对
1 import configparser 2 3 config = configparser.ConfigParser() 4 config.read('xxxooo', encoding='utf-8') 5 6 # 检查 7 has_opt = config.has_option('section1', 'k1') 8 print(has_opt) 9 10 # 删除 11 config.remove_option('section1', 'k1') 12 config.write(open('xxxooo', 'w')) 13 14 # 设置 15 config.set('section1', 'k10', "123") 16 config.write(open('xxxooo', 'w'))
XML是实现不一样语言或程序之间进行数据交换的协议,XML文件格式以下:
<data> <country name="Liechtenstein"> <rank updated="yes">2</rank> <year>2023</year> <gdppc>141100</gdppc> <neighbor direction="E" name="Austria" /> <neighbor direction="W" name="Switzerland" /> </country> <country name="Singapore"> <rank updated="yes">5</rank> <year>2026</year> <gdppc>59900</gdppc> <neighbor direction="N" name="Malaysia" /> </country> <country name="Panama"> <rank updated="yes">69</rank> <year>2026</year> <gdppc>13600</gdppc> <neighbor direction="W" name="Costa Rica" /> <neighbor direction="E" name="Colombia" /> </country> </data>
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
# 打开文件,读取XML内容
str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read()
# 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象,root代指xml文件的根节点
root = ET.XML(str_xml)
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
# 直接解析xml文件
tree = ET.parse("xo.xml")
# 获取xml文件的根节点
root = tree.getroot()
XML格式类型是节点嵌套节点,对于每个节点均有如下功能,以便对当前节点进行操做:
class Element: """An XML element. This class is the reference implementation of the Element interface. An element's length is its number of subelements. That means if you want to check if an element is truly empty, you should check BOTH its length AND its text attribute. The element tag, attribute names, and attribute values can be either bytes or strings. *tag* is the element name. *attrib* is an optional dictionary containing element attributes. *extra* are additional element attributes given as keyword arguments. Example form: <tag attrib>text<child/>...</tag>tail """ 当前节点的标签名 tag = None """The element's name.""" 当前节点的属性 attrib = None """Dictionary of the element's attributes.""" 当前节点的内容 text = None """ Text before first subelement. This is either a string or the value None. Note that if there is no text, this attribute may be either None or the empty string, depending on the parser. """ tail = None """ Text after this element's end tag, but before the next sibling element's start tag. This is either a string or the value None. Note that if there was no text, this attribute may be either None or an empty string, depending on the parser. """ def __init__(self, tag, attrib={}, **extra): if not isinstance(attrib, dict): raise TypeError("attrib must be dict, not %s" % ( attrib.__class__.__name__,)) attrib = attrib.copy() attrib.update(extra) self.tag = tag self.attrib = attrib self._children = [] def __repr__(self): return "<%s %r at %#x>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.tag, id(self)) def makeelement(self, tag, attrib): 建立一个新节点 """Create a new element with the same type. *tag* is a string containing the element name. *attrib* is a dictionary containing the element attributes. Do not call this method, use the SubElement factory function instead. """ return self.__class__(tag, attrib) def copy(self): """Return copy of current element. This creates a shallow copy. Subelements will be shared with the original tree. """ elem = self.makeelement(self.tag, self.attrib) elem.text = self.text elem.tail = self.tail elem[:] = self return elem def __len__(self): return len(self._children) def __bool__(self): warnings.warn( "The behavior of this method will change in future versions. " "Use specific 'len(elem)' or 'elem is not None' test instead.", FutureWarning, stacklevel=2 ) return len(self._children) != 0 # emulate old behaviour, for now def __getitem__(self, index): return self._children[index] def __setitem__(self, index, element): # if isinstance(index, slice): # for elt in element: # assert iselement(elt) # else: # assert iselement(element) self._children[index] = element def __delitem__(self, index): del self._children[index] def append(self, subelement): 为当前节点追加一个子节点 """Add *subelement* to the end of this element. The new element will appear in document order after the last existing subelement (or directly after the text, if it's the first subelement), but before the end tag for this element. """ self._assert_is_element(subelement) self._children.append(subelement) def extend(self, elements): 为当前节点扩展 n 个子节点 """Append subelements from a sequence. *elements* is a sequence with zero or more elements. """ for element in elements: self._assert_is_element(element) self._children.extend(elements) def insert(self, index, subelement): 在当前节点的子节点中插入某个节点,即:为当前节点建立子节点,而后插入指定位置 """Insert *subelement* at position *index*.""" self._assert_is_element(subelement) self._children.insert(index, subelement) def _assert_is_element(self, e): # Need to refer to the actual Python implementation, not the # shadowing C implementation. if not isinstance(e, _Element_Py): raise TypeError('expected an Element, not %s' % type(e).__name__) def remove(self, subelement): 在当前节点在子节点中删除某个节点 """Remove matching subelement. Unlike the find methods, this method compares elements based on identity, NOT ON tag value or contents. To remove subelements by other means, the easiest way is to use a list comprehension to select what elements to keep, and then use slice assignment to update the parent element. ValueError is raised if a matching element could not be found. """ # assert iselement(element) self._children.remove(subelement) def getchildren(self): 获取全部的子节点(废弃) """(Deprecated) Return all subelements. Elements are returned in document order. """ warnings.warn( "This method will be removed in future versions. " "Use 'list(elem)' or iteration over elem instead.", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2 ) return self._children def find(self, path, namespaces=None): 获取第一个寻找到的子节点 """Find first matching element by tag name or path. *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath, *namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name. Return the first matching element, or None if no element was found. """ return ElementPath.find(self, path, namespaces) def findtext(self, path, default=None, namespaces=None): 获取第一个寻找到的子节点的内容 """Find text for first matching element by tag name or path. *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath, *default* is the value to return if the element was not found, *namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name. Return text content of first matching element, or default value if none was found. Note that if an element is found having no text content, the empty string is returned. """ return ElementPath.findtext(self, path, default, namespaces) def findall(self, path, namespaces=None): 获取全部的子节点 """Find all matching subelements by tag name or path. *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath, *namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name. Returns list containing all matching elements in document order. """ return ElementPath.findall(self, path, namespaces) def iterfind(self, path, namespaces=None): 获取全部指定的节点,并建立一个迭代器(能够被for循环) """Find all matching subelements by tag name or path. *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath, *namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name. Return an iterable yielding all matching elements in document order. """ return ElementPath.iterfind(self, path, namespaces) def clear(self): 清空节点 """Reset element. This function removes all subelements, clears all attributes, and sets the text and tail attributes to None. """ self.attrib.clear() self._children = [] self.text = self.tail = None def get(self, key, default=None): 获取当前节点的属性值 """Get element attribute. Equivalent to attrib.get, but some implementations may handle this a bit more efficiently. *key* is what attribute to look for, and *default* is what to return if the attribute was not found. Returns a string containing the attribute value, or the default if attribute was not found. """ return self.attrib.get(key, default) def set(self, key, value): 为当前节点设置属性值 """Set element attribute. Equivalent to attrib[key] = value, but some implementations may handle this a bit more efficiently. *key* is what attribute to set, and *value* is the attribute value to set it to. """ self.attrib[key] = value def keys(self): 获取当前节点的全部属性的 key """Get list of attribute names. Names are returned in an arbitrary order, just like an ordinary Python dict. Equivalent to attrib.keys() """ return self.attrib.keys() def items(self): 获取当前节点的全部属性值,每一个属性都是一个键值对 """Get element attributes as a sequence. The attributes are returned in arbitrary order. Equivalent to attrib.items(). Return a list of (name, value) tuples. """ return self.attrib.items() def iter(self, tag=None): 在当前节点的子孙中根据节点名称寻找全部指定的节点,并返回一个迭代器(能够被for循环)。 """Create tree iterator. The iterator loops over the element and all subelements in document order, returning all elements with a matching tag. If the tree structure is modified during iteration, new or removed elements may or may not be included. To get a stable set, use the list() function on the iterator, and loop over the resulting list. *tag* is what tags to look for (default is to return all elements) Return an iterator containing all the matching elements. """ if tag == "*": tag = None if tag is None or self.tag == tag: yield self for e in self._children: yield from e.iter(tag) # compatibility def getiterator(self, tag=None): # Change for a DeprecationWarning in 1.4 warnings.warn( "This method will be removed in future versions. " "Use 'elem.iter()' or 'list(elem.iter())' instead.", PendingDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2 ) return list(self.iter(tag)) def itertext(self): 在当前节点的子孙中根据节点名称寻找全部指定的节点的内容,并返回一个迭代器(能够被for循环)。 """Create text iterator. The iterator loops over the element and all subelements in document order, returning all inner text. """ tag = self.tag if not isinstance(tag, str) and tag is not None: return if self.text: yield self.text for e in self: yield from e.itertext() if e.tail: yield e.tail
因为 每一个节点 都具备以上的方法,而且在上一步骤中解析时均获得了root(xml文件的根节点),so 能够利用以上方法进行操做xml文件。
a. 遍历XML文档的全部内容
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
############ 解析方式一 ############
"""
# 打开文件,读取XML内容
str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read()
# 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象,root代指xml文件的根节点
root = ET.XML(str_xml)
"""
############ 解析方式二 ############
# 直接解析xml文件
tree = ET.parse("xo.xml")
# 获取xml文件的根节点
root = tree.getroot()
### 操做
# 顶层标签
print(root.tag)
# 遍历XML文档的第二层
for child in root:
# 第二层节点的标签名称和标签属性
print(child.tag, child.attrib)
# 遍历XML文档的第三层
for i in child:
# 第二层节点的标签名称和内容
print(i.tag,i.text)
b、遍历XML中指定的节点
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
############ 解析方式一 ############
"""
# 打开文件,读取XML内容
str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read()
# 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象,root代指xml文件的根节点
root = ET.XML(str_xml)
"""
############ 解析方式二 ############
# 直接解析xml文件
tree = ET.parse("xo.xml")
# 获取xml文件的根节点
root = tree.getroot()
### 操做
# 顶层标签
print(root.tag)
# 遍历XML中全部的year节点
for node in root.iter('year'):
# 节点的标签名称和内容
print(node.tag, node.text)
c、修改节点内容
因为修改的节点时,均是在内存中进行,其不会影响文件中的内容。因此,若是想要修改,则须要从新将内存中的内容写到文件。
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
############ 解析方式一 ############
# 打开文件,读取XML内容
str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read()
# 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象,root代指xml文件的根节点
root = ET.XML(str_xml)
############ 操做 ############
# 顶层标签
print(root.tag)
# 循环全部的year节点
for node in root.iter('year'):
# 将year节点中的内容自增一
new_year = int(node.text) + 1
node.text = str(new_year)
# 设置属性
node.set('name', 'alex')
node.set('age', '18')
# 删除属性
del node.attrib['name']
############ 保存文件 ############
tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding='utf-8')
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
############ 解析文件方式 ############
# 直接解析xml文件
tree = ET.parse("xo.xml")
# 获取xml文件的根节点
root = tree.getroot()
############ 操做 ############
# 顶层标签
print(root.tag)
# 遍历data下的全部country节点
for country in root.findall('country'):
# 获取每个country节点下rank节点的内容
rank = int(country.find('rank').text)
if rank > 50:
# 删除指定country节点
root.remove(country)
############ 保存文件 ############
tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding='utf-8')
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
# 建立根节点
root = ET.Element("famliy")
# 建立节点大儿子
son1 = ET.Element('son', {'name': '儿1'})
# 建立小儿子
son2 = ET.Element('son', {"name": '儿2'})
# 在大儿子中建立两个孙子
grandson1 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿11'})
grandson2 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿12'})
son1.append(grandson1)
son1.append(grandson2)
# 把儿子添加到根节点中
root.append(son1)
root.append(son1)
tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write('oooo.xml',encoding='utf-8', short_empty_elements=False)
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
# 建立根节点
root = ET.Element("famliy")
# 建立大儿子
# son1 = ET.Element('son', {'name': '儿1'})
son1 = root.makeelement('son', {'name': '儿1'})
# 建立小儿子
# son2 = ET.Element('son', {"name": '儿2'})
son2 = root.makeelement('son', {"name": '儿2'})
# 在大儿子中建立两个孙子
# grandson1 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿11'})
grandson1 = son1.makeelement('grandson', {'name': '儿11'})
# grandson2 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿12'})
grandson2 = son1.makeelement('grandson', {'name': '儿12'})
son1.append(grandson1)
son1.append(grandson2)
# 把儿子添加到根节点中
root.append(son1)
root.append(son1)
tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write('oooo.xml',encoding='utf-8', short_empty_elements=False)
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
# 建立根节点
root = ET.Element("famliy")
# 建立节点大儿子
son1 = ET.SubElement(root, "son", attrib={'name': '儿1'})
# 建立小儿子
son2 = ET.SubElement(root, "son", attrib={"name": "儿2"})
# 在大儿子中建立一个孙子
grandson1 = ET.SubElement(son1, "age", attrib={'name': '儿11'})
grandson1.text = '孙子'
et = ET.ElementTree(root) #生成文档对象
et.write("test.xml", encoding="utf-8", xml_declaration=True, short_empty_elements=False)
因为原生保存的XML时默认无缩进,若是想要设置缩进的话, 须要修改保存方式:
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET from xml.dom import minidom def prettify(elem): """将节点转换成字符串,并添加缩进。 """ rough_string = ET.tostring(elem, 'utf-8') reparsed = minidom.parseString(rough_string) return reparsed.toprettyxml(indent="\t") # 建立根节点 root = ET.Element("famliy") # 建立大儿子 # son1 = ET.Element('son', {'name': '儿1'}) son1 = root.makeelement('son', {'name': '儿1'}) # 建立小儿子 # son2 = ET.Element('son', {"name": '儿2'}) son2 = root.makeelement('son', {"name": '儿2'}) # 在大儿子中建立两个孙子 # grandson1 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿11'}) grandson1 = son1.makeelement('grandson', {'name': '儿11'}) # grandson2 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿12'}) grandson2 = son1.makeelement('grandson', {'name': '儿12'}) son1.append(grandson1) son1.append(grandson2) # 把儿子添加到根节点中 root.append(son1) root.append(son1) raw_str = prettify(root) f = open("xxxoo.xml",'w',encoding='utf-8') f.write(raw_str) f.close()
详见:http://www.w3school.com.cn/xml/xml_namespaces.asp
Python标准库中提供了:urllib等模块以供Http请求,可是,它的 API 太渣了。它是为另外一个时代、另外一个互联网所建立的。
它须要巨量的工做,甚至包括各类方法覆盖,来完成最简单的任务。
import urllib.request f = urllib.request.urlopen('http://www.webxml.com.cn//webservices/qqOnlineWebService.asmx/qqCheckOnline?qqCode=424662508') result = f.read().decode('utf-8')
import urllib.request req = urllib.request.Request('http://www.example.com/') req.add_header('Referer', 'http://www.python.org/') r = urllib.request.urlopen(req) result = f.read().decode('utf-8')
注:更多见Python官方文档:https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/urllib.request.html#module-urllib.request
Requests 是使用 Apache2 Licensed 许可证的 基于Python开发的HTTP 库,其在Python内置模块的基础上进行了高度的封装,
从而使得Pythoner进行网络请求时,变得美好了许多,使用Requests能够垂手可得的完成浏览器可有的任何操做。
一、安装模块
1 pip3 install requests
二、使用模块
# 一、无参数实例 import requests ret = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json') print(ret.url) print(ret.text) # 二、有参数实例 import requests payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'} ret = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload) print(ret.url) print(ret.text)
# 一、基本POST实例 import requests payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'} ret = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload) print(ret.text) # 二、发送请求头和数据实例 import requests import json url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint' payload = {'some': 'data'} headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'} ret = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers) print(ret.text) print(ret.cookies)
requests.get(url, params=None, **kwargs) requests.post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs) requests.put(url, data=None, **kwargs) requests.head(url, **kwargs) requests.delete(url, **kwargs) requests.patch(url, data=None, **kwargs) requests.options(url, **kwargs) # 以上方法均是在此方法的基础上构建 requests.request(method, url, **kwargs)
更多requests模块相关的文档见:http://cn.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/
三、Http请求和XML实例
实例:检测QQ帐号是否在线
import urllib import requests from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET # 使用内置模块urllib发送HTTP请求,或者XML格式内容 """ f = urllib.request.urlopen('http://www.webxml.com.cn//webservices/qqOnlineWebService.asmx/qqCheckOnline?qqCode=424662508') result = f.read().decode('utf-8') """ # 使用第三方模块requests发送HTTP请求,或者XML格式内容 r = requests.get('http://www.webxml.com.cn//webservices/qqOnlineWebService.asmx/qqCheckOnline?qqCode=424662508') result = r.text # 解析XML格式内容 node = ET.XML(result) # 获取内容 if node.text == "Y": print("在线") else: print("离线")
实例:查看火车停靠信息
import urllib import requests from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET # 使用内置模块urllib发送HTTP请求,或者XML格式内容 """ f = urllib.request.urlopen('http://www.webxml.com.cn/WebServices/TrainTimeWebService.asmx/getDetailInfoByTrainCode?TrainCode=G666&UserID=') result = f.read().decode('utf-8') """ # 使用第三方模块requests发送HTTP请求,或者XML格式内容 r = requests.get('http://www.webxml.com.cn/WebServices/TrainTimeWebService.asmx/getDetailInfoByTrainCode?TrainCode=G666&UserID=') result = r.text # 解析XML格式内容 root = ET.XML(result) for node in root.iter('TrainDetailInfo'): print(node.find('TrainStation').text,node.find('StartTime').text,node.tag,node.attrib)
更多http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/archive/2012/11/18/2776014.html
用于便捷记录日志且线程安全的模块
一、单文件日志
1 import logging 2 3 4 logging.basicConfig(filename='log.log', 5 format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s -%(module)s: %(message)s', 6 datefmt='%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %p', 7 level=10) 8 9 logging.debug('debug') 10 logging.info('info') 11 logging.warning('warning') 12 logging.error('error') 13 logging.critical('critical') 14 logging.log(10,'log')
日志等级:
CRITICAL = 50 FATAL = CRITICAL ERROR = 40 WARNING = 30 WARN = WARNING INFO = 20 DEBUG = 10 NOTSET = 0
注:只有【当前写等级】大于【日志等级】时,日志文件才被记录。
日志记录格式:
二、多文件日志
对于上述记录日志的功能,只能将日志记录在单文件中,若是想要设置多个日志文件,logging.basicConfig将没法完成,
须要自定义文件和日志操做对象。
# 定义文件 file_1_1 = logging.FileHandler('l1_1.log', 'a', encoding='utf-8') fmt = logging.Formatter(fmt="%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s -%(module)s: %(message)s") file_1_1.setFormatter(fmt) file_1_2 = logging.FileHandler('l1_2.log', 'a', encoding='utf-8') fmt = logging.Formatter() file_1_2.setFormatter(fmt) # 定义日志 logger1 = logging.Logger('s1', level=logging.ERROR) logger1.addHandler(file_1_1) logger1.addHandler(file_1_2) # 写日志 logger1.critical('1111')
# 定义文件 file_2_1 = logging.FileHandler('l2_1.log', 'a') fmt = logging.Formatter() file_2_1.setFormatter(fmt) # 定义日志 logger2 = logging.Logger('s2', level=logging.INFO) logger2.addHandler(file_2_1)
如上述建立的两个日志对象
能够执行shell命令的相关模块和函数有:
import commands result = commands.getoutput('cmd') result = commands.getstatus('cmd') result = commands.getstatusoutput('cmd')
以上执行shell命令的相关的模块和函数的功能均在 subprocess 模块中实现,并提供了更丰富的功能。
call
执行命令,返回状态码
1 ret = subprocess.call(["ls", "-l"], shell=False) 2 ret = subprocess.call("ls -l", shell=True)
check_call
执行命令,若是执行状态码是 0 ,则返回0,不然抛异常
1 subprocess.check_call(["ls", "-l"]) 2 subprocess.check_call("exit 1", shell=True)
check_output
执行命令,若是状态码是 0 ,则返回执行结果,不然抛异常
1 subprocess.check_output(["echo", "Hello World!"]) 2 subprocess.check_output("exit 1", shell=True)
subprocess.Popen(...)
用于执行复杂的系统命令
参数:
import subprocess ret1 = subprocess.Popen(["mkdir","t1"]) ret2 = subprocess.Popen("mkdir t2", shell=True)
终端输入的命令分为两种:
import subprocess obj = subprocess.Popen("mkdir t3", shell=True, cwd='/home/dev',)
import subprocess obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, universal_newlines=True) obj.stdin.write("print(1)\n") obj.stdin.write("print(2)") obj.stdin.close() cmd_out = obj.stdout.read() obj.stdout.close() cmd_error = obj.stderr.read() obj.stderr.close() print(cmd_out) print(cmd_error)
import subprocess obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, universal_newlines=True) obj.stdin.write("print(1)\n") obj.stdin.write("print(2)") out_error_list = obj.communicate() print(out_error_list)
import subprocess obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, universal_newlines=True) out_error_list = obj.communicate('print("hello")') print(out_error_list)
高级的 文件、文件夹、压缩包 处理模块
shutil.copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst[, length])
将文件内容拷贝到另外一个文件中
1 import shutil 2 3 shutil.copyfileobj(open('old.xml','r'), open('new.xml', 'w'))
shutil.copyfile(src, dst)
拷贝文件
1 shutil.copyfile('f1.log', 'f2.log')
shutil.copymode(src, dst)
仅拷贝权限。内容、组、用户均不变
1 shutil.copymode('f1.log', 'f2.log')
shutil.copystat(src, dst)
仅拷贝状态的信息,包括:mode bits, atime, mtime, flags
1 shutil.copystat('f1.log', 'f2.log')
shutil.copy(src, dst)
拷贝文件和权限
1 import shutil 2 shutil.copy('f1.log', 'f2.log')
shutil.copy2(src, dst)
拷贝文件和状态信息
1 import shutil 2 3 shutil.copy2('f1.log', 'f2.log')
shutil.ignore_patterns(*patterns)
shutil.copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None)
递归的去拷贝文件夹
1 import shutil 2 3 shutil.copytree('folder1', 'folder2', ignore=shutil.ignore_patterns('*.pyc', 'tmp*'))
import shutil shutil.copytree('f1', 'f2', symlinks=True, ignore=shutil.ignore_patterns('*.pyc', 'tmp*'))
shutil.rmtree(path[, ignore_errors[, onerror]])
递归的去删除文件
1 import shutil 2 3 shutil.rmtree('folder1')
shutil.move(src, dst)
递归的去移动文件,它相似mv命令,其实就是重命名。
1 import shutil 2 3 shutil.move('folder1', 'folder3')
shutil.make_archive(base_name, format,...)
建立压缩包并返回文件路径,例如:zip、tar
建立压缩包并返回文件路径,例如:zip、tar
1 #将 /Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test 下的文件打包放置当前程序目录 2 import shutil 3 ret = shutil.make_archive("wwwwwwwwww", 'gztar', root_dir='/Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test') 4 5 6 #将 /Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test 下的文件打包放置 /Users/wupeiqi/目录 7 import shutil 8 ret = shutil.make_archive("/Users/wupeiqi/wwwwwwwwww", 'gztar', root_dir='/Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test')
shutil 对压缩包的处理是调用 ZipFile 和 TarFile 两个模块来进行的,详细:
import zipfile # 压缩 z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'w') z.write('a.log') z.write('data.data') z.close() # 解压 z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'r') z.extractall() z.close()
import tarfile # 压缩 tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','w') tar.add('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/bbs2.log', arcname='bbs2.log') tar.add('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/cmdb.log', arcname='cmdb.log') tar.close() # 解压 tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','r') tar.extractall() # 可设置解压地址 tar.close()
paramiko是一个用于作远程控制的模块,使用该模块能够对远程服务器进行命令或文件操做,值得一说的是,fabric和ansible内部的远程管理就是使用的paramiko来现实。
一、下载安装
1 pycrypto,因为 paramiko 模块内部依赖pycrypto,因此先下载安装pycrypto 2 pip3 install pycrypto 3 pip3 install paramiko
二、模块使用
#!/usr/bin/env python #coding:utf-8 import paramiko ssh = paramiko.SSHClient() ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy()) ssh.connect('192.168.1.108', 22, 'alex', '123') stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command('df') print stdout.read() ssh.close();
import paramiko private_key_path = '/home/auto/.ssh/id_rsa' key = paramiko.RSAKey.from_private_key_file(private_key_path) ssh = paramiko.SSHClient() ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy()) ssh.connect('主机名 ', 端口, '用户名', key) stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command('df') print stdout.read() ssh.close()
import os,sys import paramiko t = paramiko.Transport(('182.92.219.86',22)) t.connect(username='wupeiqi',password='123') sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t) sftp.put('/tmp/test.py','/tmp/test.py') t.close() import os,sys import paramiko t = paramiko.Transport(('182.92.219.86',22)) t.connect(username='wupeiqi',password='123') sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t) sftp.get('/tmp/test.py','/tmp/test2.py') t.close()
import paramiko pravie_key_path = '/home/auto/.ssh/id_rsa' key = paramiko.RSAKey.from_private_key_file(pravie_key_path) t = paramiko.Transport(('182.92.219.86',22)) t.connect(username='wupeiqi',pkey=key) sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t) sftp.put('/tmp/test3.py','/tmp/test3.py') t.close() import paramiko pravie_key_path = '/home/auto/.ssh/id_rsa' key = paramiko.RSAKey.from_private_key_file(pravie_key_path) t = paramiko.Transport(('182.92.219.86',22)) t.connect(username='wupeiqi',pkey=key) sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t) sftp.get('/tmp/test3.py','/tmp/test4.py') t.close()
时间相关的操做,时间有三种表示方式:
1 print time.time() 2 print time.mktime(time.localtime()) 3 4 print time.gmtime() #可加时间戳参数 5 print time.localtime() #可加时间戳参数 6 print time.strptime('2014-11-11', '%Y-%m-%d') 7 8 print time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d') #默认当前时间 9 print time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d',time.localtime()) #默认当前时间 10 print time.asctime() 11 print time.asctime(time.localtime()) 12 print time.ctime(time.time()) 13 14 import datetime 15 ''' 16 datetime.date:表示日期的类。经常使用的属性有year, month, day 17 datetime.time:表示时间的类。经常使用的属性有hour, minute, second, microsecond 18 datetime.datetime:表示日期时间 19 datetime.timedelta:表示时间间隔,即两个时间点之间的长度 20 timedelta([days[, seconds[, microseconds[, milliseconds[, minutes[, hours[, weeks]]]]]]]) 21 strftime("%Y-%m-%d") 22 ''' 23 import datetime 24 print datetime.datetime.now() 25 print datetime.datetime.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=5)
%Y Year with century as a decimal number. %m Month as a decimal number [01,12]. %d Day of the month as a decimal number [01,31]. %H Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number [00,23]. %M Minute as a decimal number [00,59]. %S Second as a decimal number [00,61]. %z Time zone offset from UTC. %a Locale's abbreviated weekday name. %A Locale's full weekday name. %b Locale's abbreviated month name. %B Locale's full month name. %c Locale's appropriate date and time representation. %I Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number [01,12]. %p Locale's equivalent of either AM or PM.