Eloquent提供了一个易于阅读且很形象化的表和表之间的关系对应和调用,好比说,一条评论是属于一个帖子的,一个帖子拥有不少的评论,一篇帖子和一个视频页同时拥有不少标签,下面咱们来看看如何建立这些关系。html
咱们就以一篇帖子有不少的评论来举列,帖子和评论是一对多的关系,咱们上一节已经创建了帖子的表posts
, 下面咱们来创建评论表comments
和评论的ModelComment
, 在上一节咱们是经过下面两条命令来创建migration文件和Model的laravel
// 创建帖子的migration文件 php artisan make:migration create_posts_table --create=posts // 创建帖子Model php artisan make:model Post
咱们在创建评论表和模型的时候,用另外一种方法,咱们在创建Model的时候,只要加上-m
参数,就能在创建Model的时候,同时生成migration文件了。(执行php artisan命令都是须要进入到项目的根目录下执行的,之后我就不说这点了)sql
➜ php artisan make:model Comment -m Model created successfully. Created Migration: 2016_11_14_125930_create_comments_table
从上面咱们能够看出,咱们建立模型的时候,laravel也帮咱们生成了表名为模型名复数的migration文件,咱们打开这个migration文件,并更改up()函数以下:数据库
public function up() { Schema::create('comments', function (Blueprint $table) { $table->increments('id'); $table->integer('post_id')->unsigned()->index(); $table->text('content'); $table->timestamps(); }); }
上面的post_id
是posts表的外键,在正式开发的时候,咱们须要作到外键约束,同时作到删除的及联操做,这里咱们先不添加了。咱们将这个表执行到数据库中数组
➜ php artisan migrate Migrated: 2016_11_14_125930_create_comments_table
如今在咱们的app
目录下,咱们已经有了Post.php和Comment.php两个模型,下面咱们打开tinker
缓存
➜ php artisan tinker Psy Shell v0.7.2 (PHP 7.0.12 — cli) by Justin Hileman >>>
如下的代码都在tinker
中执行生成,咱们先来获取第一条帖子数据:bash
>>> $post = App\Post::first(); => App\Post {#636 id: "1", title: "My New Post Title", content: "new post content", created_at: "2016-11-14 07:22:32", updated_at: "2016-11-14 07:22:32", }
咱们再来建立属于帖子1的一条评论,咱们此次建立先手动的来维护外键(post_id):app
>>> $comment = new App\Comment; => App\Comment {#625} >>> $comment->content = 'Some comment for the post'; => "Some comment for the post" >>> $comment->post_id = 1; => 1 >>> $comment->save(); => true >>> App\Comment::all(); => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#640 all: [ App\Comment {#641 id: "1", post_id: "1", content: "Some comment for the post", created_at: "2016-11-15 01:07:53", updated_at: "2016-11-15 01:07:53", }, ], } >>>
下面咱们来经过Eloquent在各模型间创建表与表之间的对应关系,首先咱们先理一下,一个帖子会有不少评论,A post has many comments
, 一个评论属于一个帖子:a comment that belongs to a post
,咱们打开Post.php,编写一个comments()
函数,意思是一个帖子有不少评论,因此注意这个comments()
必定要写成复数形式,写代码单词的单复数对于易读性来讲很是的重要。编辑器
<?php namespace App; use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model; class Post extends Model { public function comments() { return $this->hasMany('App\Comment'); } }
好的,咱们再进入到tinker
中来测试下:
咱们先拿到第一个帖子:
>>> $post = App\Post::first(); => App\Post {#636 id: "1", title: "My New Post Title", content: "new post content", created_at: "2016-11-14 07:22:32", updated_at: "2016-11-14 07:22:32", }
咱们拿取这个帖子的全部评论,咱们能够这么写$post->comments()->get()
,也能够这么写$post->comments;
, 后面这种写法,laravel文档叫它动态属性。
>>> $post->comments; => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#633 all: [ App\Comment {#637 id: "1", post_id: "1", content: "Some comment for the post", created_at: "2016-11-15 01:07:53", updated_at: "2016-11-15 01:07:53", }, ], }
用上面的方法拿出的数据实际上是Comment对象的一个集合(Collection),咱们能够像操做数组同样的操做这个集合,如:
>>> $post->comments[0]; => App\Comment {#637 id: "1", post_id: "1", content: "Some comment for the post", created_at: "2016-11-15 01:07:53", updated_at: "2016-11-15 01:07:53", }
固然,开发的时候不多像上面这么作,由于Laravel给咱们提供了不少关于操做这个集合的方法,好比说,取集合中的第一个对象:
>>> $post->comments->first(); => App\Comment {#637 id: "1", post_id: "1", content: "Some comment for the post", created_at: "2016-11-15 01:07:53", updated_at: "2016-11-15 01:07:53", }
这里有一个很是重要的地方,咱们来尝试下面这条语句:
>>> $post->comments()->first(); => App\Comment {#651 id: "1", post_id: "1", content: "Some comment for the post", created_at: "2016-11-15 01:07:53", updated_at: "2016-11-15 01:07:53", }
咱们看到$post->comments->first();
和$post->comments()->first();
这两条语句输出的结果是同样的,可是具体的操做却不一样,咱们假设帖子1有500条评论,那么$post->comments->first();
会先经过$post->comments
从数据库拿到这500条评论的数据放进集合,而后再从集合中获取第一条数据。而$post->comments()->first();
呢,当执行到$post->comments()
时,它并无拿出这500条数据,这里还处于一个查询的阶段,等到执行first()
时,从数据库只拿出一条数据,咱们应该使用哪一种写法,你们应该就很明白了。曾有人说不要用ORM,太慢,可是不少慢的缘由不在于ORM, 而是不了解它,没用好而已。
咱们再看看这两条语句执行的原生SQL语句,咱们在tinker
中让每次执行语句的时候都打印出原生的SQL,能够这么作:
➜ php artisan tinker Psy Shell v0.7.2 (PHP 7.0.12 — cli) by Justin Hileman >>> DB::listen(function ($query) { var_dump($query->sql); }); => null
咱们再来拿第一个帖子:
>>> $post = App\Post::first(); string(29) "select * from "posts" limit 1" => App\Post {#637 id: "1", title: "My New Post Title", content: "new post content", created_at: "2016-11-14 07:22:32", updated_at: "2016-11-14 07:22:32", } >>>
拿帖子的全部评论,本身看下sql语句:
>>> $post->comments; string(92) "select * from "comments" where "comments"."post_id" = ? and "comments"."post_id" is not null" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#623 all: [ App\Comment {#638 id: "1", post_id: "1", content: "Some comment for the post", created_at: "2016-11-15 01:07:53", updated_at: "2016-11-15 01:07:53", },
咱们再来执行一次$post->comments;
>>> $post->comments; => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#623 all: [ App\Comment {#638 id: "1", post_id: "1", content: "Some comment for the post", created_at: "2016-11-15 01:07:53", updated_at: "2016-11-15 01:07:53", }, ], }
咱们发现此次没有出现SQL语句,那是由于laravel已经缓存了此次查询的结果,咱们再来看下$post
的结果,它也被缓存了,而且咱们查询的$post->comments
的内容也被插入到这个对象中。
>>> $post => App\Post {#637 id: "1", title: "My New Post Title", content: "new post content", created_at: "2016-11-14 07:22:32", updated_at: "2016-11-14 07:22:32", comments: Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#623 all: [ App\Comment {#638 id: "1", post_id: "1", content: "Some comment for the post", created_at: "2016-11-15 01:07:53", updated_at: "2016-11-15 01:07:53", }, ], }, }
若是咱们刷新获取下$post
,在打印$post
, 你们在看下结果:
>>> $post = $post->fresh(); string(44) "select * from "posts" where "id" = ? limit 1" => App\Post {#643 id: "1", title: "My New Post Title", content: "new post content", created_at: "2016-11-14 07:22:32", updated_at: "2016-11-14 07:22:32", } >>> $post => App\Post {#643 id: "1", title: "My New Post Title", content: "new post content", created_at: "2016-11-14 07:22:32", updated_at: "2016-11-14 07:22:32", }
由于laravel会缓存查询,因此你们在测试的时候必定要加上fresh()
才能准确,咱们来看$post->comments->first()
,执行的时候要加上fresh()
,这很是的重要,千万不要作了错误的测试误导了你。
>>> $post->fresh()->comments->first(); string(44) "select * from "posts" where "id" = ? limit 1" string(92) "select * from "comments" where "comments"."post_id" = ? and "comments"."post_id" is not null" => App\Comment {#630 id: "1", post_id: "1", content: "Some comment for the post", created_at: "2016-11-15 01:07:53", updated_at: "2016-11-15 01:07:53", }
看上面的第二条SQL语句,它是查询出数据库的全部的评论。
咱们在来看$post->comments()->first()
这条语句:
>>> $post->fresh()->comments()->first(); string(44) "select * from "posts" where "id" = ? limit 1" string(100) "select * from "comments" where "comments"."post_id" = ? and "comments"."post_id" is not null limit 1" => App\Comment {#644 id: "1", post_id: "1", content: "Some comment for the post", created_at: "2016-11-15 01:07:53", updated_at: "2016-11-15 01:07:53", }
咱们看第2条SQL语句,用这种写法,只会从数据库拿出1条记录,这里我说这么多,是由于我看见不少人在滥用动态属性,因此咱们必定要注意这点。
好了,咱们如今看看在Comment模型中如何写对应的关系呢?拿出以前咱们写的英文句子:a comment that belongs to a post
, 咱们打开Comment.php,
<?php namespace App; use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model; class Comment extends Model { // 注意这里post应该是单数形式 public function post() { return $this->belongsTo('App\Post'); // 若是你使用的是PhpStrom编辑器,你也能够按下面这么写,这样点击能够跳转到对应的类文件中 // return $this->belongsTo(Post::class); } }
咱们从新打开tinker
, 当你修改了代码后,要从新打开tinker
再测试,不然tinker
执行的仍是修改前的代码:
>>> $comment = App\Comment::first(); => App\Comment {#636 id: "1", post_id: "1", content: "Some comment for the post", created_at: "2016-11-15 01:07:53", updated_at: "2016-11-15 01:07:53", } >>> $comment->post; => App\Post {#637 id: "1", title: "My New Post Title", content: "new post content", created_at: "2016-11-14 07:22:32", updated_at: "2016-11-14 07:22:32", } >>>
下面咱们来看下,咱们建立一条评论的时候,如何让Eloquent的关联关系给咱们自动维护外键:
咱们先建立一个$comment对象,设置它的内容:
>>> $comment = new App\Comment; => App\Comment {#622} >>> $comment->content = 'Here is another comment.'; => "Here is another comment." >>>
如今咱们不用手动去设置post_id
,咱们直接找到评论须要属于的post,好比,仍是打算让这条评论属于第一个帖子:
>>> $post = App\Post::first(); => App\Post {#639 id: "1", title: "My New Post Title", content: "new post content", created_at: "2016-11-14 07:22:32", updated_at: "2016-11-14 07:22:32", }
下面咱们只须要经过Post的Comments()关联去存储属于它的评论便可,会自动设置$post对象的ID到对应的评论的post_id
>>> $post->comments()->save($comment); => App\Comment {#622 content: "Here is another comment.", post_id: 1, updated_at: "2016-11-15 02:38:01", created_at: "2016-11-15 02:38:01", id: 2, }
如今经过$post->comments;
查看下,发现已经存在两条评论了。
好了,上面的代码都是在tinker
中测试的,咱们如今进入了PostsController中,修改下show()
函数:
public function show(Post $post) { return view('posts.show', compact('post')); }
而后创建show.blade.php视图层,输入如下代码:
@extends('layout') @section('content') <h1>{{ $post->title }}</h1> <ul> @foreach ($post->comments as $comment) <li>{{ $comment->content }}</li> @endforeach </ul> @stop
好,咱们访问下: http://localhost:8000/posts/1
咱们刚才是用save()
方法来存储一条评论,如今咱们来试试使用create()
方法来建立呢! 仍是打开tinker
嗯, 出现了匹配异常错位,这是Laravel对使用create()
和update()
这两个函数作的保护机制,咱们知道create()
和update()
能够批量的设置表字段,若是不作一些保护错位的话,可能会被人经过设置某些字段的值来串改你的数据,因此在Laravel中,你容许批量建立和修改的字段,你都要本身在模型中明确指定,咱们打开Comment.php
, 为Comment模型添加$fillbale属性:
<?php namespace App; use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model; class Comment extends Model { // 容许使用create()和update()批量建立和更新的字段 protected $fillable = ['content']; public function post() { return $this->belongsTo(Post::class); } }
下面从新启动tinker
,在执行一次,就能成功建立了
Psy Shell v0.7.2 (PHP 7.0.12 — cli) by Justin Hileman >>> $post = App\Post::first(); => App\Post {#636 id: "1", title: "My New Post Title", content: "new post content", created_at: "2016-11-14 07:22:32", updated_at: "2016-11-14 07:22:32", } >>> $post->comments()->create(['content' => 'Yet another comment about this post']); => App\Comment {#640 content: "Yet another comment about this post", post_id: 1, updated_at: "2016-11-15 03:08:25", created_at: "2016-11-15 03:08:25", id: 3, } >>>
咱们在进入到posts/index.balde.php
中,咱们给帖子都加上连接:
@extends('layout') @section('content') <h1>全部的帖子</h1> @foreach ($posts as $post) <h2><a href="posts/{{ $post->id }}">{{ $post->title }}</a></h2> <p>{{ $post->content }}</p> @endforeach @stop
加连接有不少方法,也有人会写成一个函数,如<a href="{{ $post->path() }}">
, 而后在Post模型层写一个path()函数
public function path() { return '/posts/' . $this->id; }
不过把这个写成函数我认为也没多大必要。好了,本节到这里结束。
Eloquent关联模型的用法你们应该知道了,可是除了一对多关系,还有一对一,多对多,多态一对多等,要用的时候,能够去查这篇文档