Python Async/Await入门指南

转自:https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/27258289html

 

本文将会讲述Python 3.5以后出现的async/await的使用方法,以及它们的一些使用目的,若是错误,欢迎指正。python

昨天看到David Beazley在16年的一个演讲:Fear and Awaiting in Async,给了我很多的感悟和启发,因而想梳理下本身的思路,因此有了如下这篇文章。web

Python在3.5版本中引入了关于协程的语法糖async和await,关于协程的概念能够先看我在上一篇文章提到的内容。数据库

看下Python中常见的几种函数形式:express

1. 普通函数编程

def function(): return 1 

2. 生成器函数bash

def generator(): yield 1 

在3.5事后,咱们可使用async修饰将普通函数和生成器函数包装成异步函数和异步生成器。服务器

3. 异步函数(协程)多线程

 

async def async_function(): return 1 

4. 异步生成器app

 

async def async_generator(): yield 1 

经过类型判断能够验证函数的类型

import types print(type(function) is types.FunctionType) print(type(generator()) is types.GeneratorType) print(type(async_function()) is types.CoroutineType) print(type(async_generator()) is types.AsyncGeneratorType) 

直接调用异步函数不会返回结果,而是返回一个coroutine对象:

print(async_function()) # <coroutine object async_function at 0x102ff67d8> 

协程须要经过其余方式来驱动,所以可使用这个协程对象的send方法给协程发送一个值:

print(async_function().send(None)) 

不幸的是,若是经过上面的调用会抛出一个异常:

StopIteration: 1 

由于生成器/协程在正常返回退出时会抛出一个StopIteration异常,而原来的返回值会存放在StopIteration对象的value属性中,经过如下捕获能够获取协程真正的返回值:

try: async_function().send(None) except StopIteration as e: print(e.value) # 1 

经过上面的方式来新建一个run函数来驱动协程函数:

def run(coroutine): try: coroutine.send(None) except StopIteration as e: return e.value 

在协程函数中,能够经过await语法来挂起自身的协程,并等待另外一个协程完成直到返回结果:

async def async_function(): return 1 async def await_coroutine(): result = await async_function() print(result) run(await_coroutine()) # 1 

要注意的是,await语法只能出如今经过async修饰的函数中,不然会报SyntaxError错误。

并且await后面的对象须要是一个Awaitable,或者实现了相关的协议。

查看Awaitable抽象类的代码,代表了只要一个类实现了__await__方法,那么经过它构造出来的实例就是一个Awaitable:

class Awaitable(metaclass=ABCMeta): __slots__ = () @abstractmethod def __await__(self): yield @classmethod def __subclasshook__(cls, C): if cls is Awaitable: return _check_methods(C, "__await__") return NotImplemented 

并且能够看到,Coroutine类也继承了Awaitable,并且实现了send,throw和close方法。因此await一个调用异步函数返回的协程对象是合法的。

class Coroutine(Awaitable): __slots__ = () @abstractmethod def send(self, value): ... @abstractmethod def throw(self, typ, val=None, tb=None): ... def close(self): ... @classmethod def __subclasshook__(cls, C): if cls is Coroutine: return _check_methods(C, '__await__', 'send', 'throw', 'close') return NotImplemented 

接下来是异步生成器,来看一个例子:

假如我要到一家超市去购买土豆,而超市货架上的土豆数量是有限的:

class Potato: @classmethod def make(cls, num, *args, **kws): potatos = [] for i in range(num): potatos.append(cls.__new__(cls, *args, **kws)) return potatos all_potatos = Potato.make(5) 

如今我想要买50个土豆,每次从货架上拿走一个土豆放到篮子:

def take_potatos(num): count = 0 while True: if len(all_potatos) == 0: sleep(.1) else: potato = all_potatos.pop() yield potato count += 1 if count == num: break def buy_potatos(): bucket = [] for p in take_potatos(50): bucket.append(p) 

对应到代码中,就是迭代一个生成器的模型,显然,当货架上的土豆不够的时候,这时只可以死等,并且在上面例子中等多长时间都不会有结果(由于一切都是同步的),也许能够用多进程和多线程解决,而在现实生活中,更应该像是这样的:

async def take_potatos(num): count = 0 while True: if len(all_potatos) == 0: await ask_for_potato() potato = all_potatos.pop() yield potato count += 1 if count == num: break 

当货架上的土豆没有了以后,我能够询问超市请求须要更多的土豆,这时候须要等待一段时间直到生产者完成生产的过程:

async def ask_for_potato(): await asyncio.sleep(random.random()) all_potatos.extend(Potato.make(random.randint(1, 10))) 

当生产者完成和返回以后,这是便能从await挂起的地方继续往下跑,完成消费的过程。而这整一个过程,就是一个异步生成器迭代的流程:

async def buy_potatos(): bucket = [] async for p in take_potatos(50): bucket.append(p) print(f'Got potato {id(p)}...') 

async for语法表示咱们要后面迭代的是一个异步生成器。

def main(): import asyncio loop = asyncio.get_event_loop() res = loop.run_until_complete(buy_potatos()) loop.close() 

用asyncio运行这段代码,结果是这样的:

Got potato 4338641384... Got potato 4338641160... Got potato 4338614736... Got potato 4338614680... Got potato 4338614568... Got potato 4344861864... Got potato 4344843456... Got potato 4344843400... Got potato 4338641384... Got potato 4338641160... ... 

既然是异步的,在请求以后不必定要死等,而是能够作其余事情。好比除了土豆,我还想买番茄,这时只须要在事件循环中再添加一个过程:

def main(): import asyncio loop = asyncio.get_event_loop() res = loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.wait([buy_potatos(), buy_tomatos()])) loop.close() 

再来运行这段代码:

Got potato 4423119312... Got tomato 4423119368... Got potato 4429291024... Got potato 4421640768... Got tomato 4429331704... Got tomato 4429331760... Got tomato 4423119368... Got potato 4429331760... Got potato 4429331704... Got potato 4429346688... Got potato 4429346072... Got tomato 4429347360... ... 

看下AsyncGenerator的定义,它须要实现__aiter__和__anext__两个核心方法,以及asend,athrow,aclose方法。

class AsyncGenerator(AsyncIterator): __slots__ = () async def __anext__(self): ... @abstractmethod async def asend(self, value): ... @abstractmethod async def athrow(self, typ, val=None, tb=None): ... async def aclose(self): ... @classmethod def __subclasshook__(cls, C): if cls is AsyncGenerator: return _check_methods(C, '__aiter__', '__anext__', 'asend', 'athrow', 'aclose') return NotImplemented 

异步生成器是在3.6以后才有的特性,一样的还有异步推导表达式,所以在上面的例子中,也能够写成这样:

bucket = [p async for p in take_potatos(50)] 

相似的,还有await表达式:

result = [await fun() for fun in funcs if await condition()] 

除了函数以外,类实例的普通方法也能用async语法修饰:

class ThreeTwoOne: async def begin(self): print(3) await asyncio.sleep(1) print(2) await asyncio.sleep(1) print(1) await asyncio.sleep(1) return async def game(): t = ThreeTwoOne() await t.begin() print('start') 

实例方法的调用一样是返回一个coroutine:

function = ThreeTwoOne.begin method = function.__get__(ThreeTwoOne, ThreeTwoOne()) import inspect assert inspect.isfunction(function) assert inspect.ismethod(method) assert inspect.iscoroutine(method()) 

同理还有类方法:

class ThreeTwoOne: @classmethod async def begin(cls): print(3) await asyncio.sleep(1) print(2) await asyncio.sleep(1) print(1) await asyncio.sleep(1) return async def game(): await ThreeTwoOne.begin() print('start') 

根据PEP 492中,async也能够应用到上下文管理器中,__aenter__和__aexit__须要返回一个Awaitable:

class GameContext: async def __aenter__(self): print('game loading...') await asyncio.sleep(1) async def __aexit__(self, exc_type, exc, tb): print('game exit...') await asyncio.sleep(1) async def game(): async with GameContext(): print('game start...') await asyncio.sleep(2) 

在3.7版本,contextlib中会新增一个asynccontextmanager装饰器来包装一个实现异步协议的上下文管理器:

from contextlib import asynccontextmanager @asynccontextmanager async def get_connection(): conn = await acquire_db_connection() try: yield finally: await release_db_connection(conn) 

async修饰符也能用在__call__方法上:

class GameContext: async def __aenter__(self): self._started = time() print('game loading...') await asyncio.sleep(1) return self async def __aexit__(self, exc_type, exc, tb): print('game exit...') await asyncio.sleep(1) async def __call__(self, *args, **kws): if args[0] == 'time': return time() - self._started async def game(): async with GameContext() as ctx: print('game start...') await asyncio.sleep(2) print('game time: ', await ctx('time')) 

await和yield from

Python3.3的yield from语法能够把生成器的操做委托给另外一个生成器,生成器的调用方能够直接与子生成器进行通讯:

def sub_gen(): yield 1 yield 2 yield 3 def gen(): return (yield from sub_gen()) def main(): for val in gen(): print(val) # 1 # 2 # 3 

利用这一特性,使用yield from可以编写出相似协程效果的函数调用,在3.5以前,asyncio正是使用@asyncio.coroutine和yield from语法来建立协程:

# https://docs.python.org/3.4/library/asyncio-task.html import asyncio @asyncio.coroutine def compute(x, y): print("Compute %s + %s ..." % (x, y)) yield from asyncio.sleep(1.0) return x + y @asyncio.coroutine def print_sum(x, y): result = yield from compute(x, y) print("%s + %s = %s" % (x, y, result)) loop = asyncio.get_event_loop() loop.run_until_complete(print_sum(1, 2)) loop.close() 

然而,用yield from容易在表示协程和生成器中混淆,没有良好的语义性,因此在Python 3.5推出了更新的async/await表达式来做为协程的语法。

所以相似如下的调用是等价的:

async with lock: ... with (yield from lock): ... ###################### def main(): return (yield from coro()) def main(): return (await coro()) 

那么,怎么把生成器包装为一个协程对象呢?这时候能够用到types包中的coroutine装饰器(若是使用asyncio作驱动的话,那么也可使用asyncio的coroutine装饰器),@types.coroutine装饰器会将一个生成器函数包装为协程对象:

import asyncio import types @types.coroutine def compute(x, y): print("Compute %s + %s ..." % (x, y)) yield from asyncio.sleep(1.0) return x + y async def print_sum(x, y): result = await compute(x, y) print("%s + %s = %s" % (x, y, result)) loop = asyncio.get_event_loop() loop.run_until_complete(print_sum(1, 2)) loop.close() 

尽管两个函数分别使用了新旧语法,但他们都是协程对象,也分别称做native coroutine以及generator-based coroutine,所以不用担忧语法问题。

下面观察一个asyncio中Future的例子:

import asyncio future = asyncio.Future() async def coro1(): await asyncio.sleep(1) future.set_result('data') async def coro2(): print(await future) loop = asyncio.get_event_loop() loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.wait([ coro1(), coro2() ])) loop.close() 

两个协程在在事件循环中,协程coro1在执行第一句后挂起自身切到asyncio.sleep,而协程coro2一直等待future的结果,让出事件循环,计时器结束后coro1执行了第二句设置了future的值,被挂起的coro2恢复执行,打印出future的结果'data'。

future能够被await证实了future对象是一个Awaitable,进入Future类的源码能够看到有一段代码显示了future实现了__await__协议:

class Future: ... def __iter__(self): if not self.done(): self._asyncio_future_blocking = True yield self # This tells Task to wait for completion. assert self.done(), "yield from wasn't used with future" return self.result() # May raise too. if compat.PY35: __await__ = __iter__ # make compatible with 'await' expression 

当执行await future这行代码时,future中的这段代码就会被执行,首先future检查它自身是否已经完成,若是没有完成,挂起自身,告知当前的Task(任务)等待future完成。

当future执行set_result方法时,会触发如下的代码,设置结果,标记future已经完成:

def set_result(self, result): ... if self._state != _PENDING: raise InvalidStateError('{}: {!r}'.format(self._state, self)) self._result = result self._state = _FINISHED self._schedule_callbacks() 

最后future会调度自身的回调函数,触发Task._step()告知Task驱动future从以前挂起的点恢复执行,不难看出,future会执行下面的代码:

class Future: ... def __iter__(self): ... assert self.done(), "yield from wasn't used with future" return self.result() # May raise too. 

最终返回结果给调用方。

前面讲了那么多关于asyncio的例子,那么除了asyncio,就没有其余协程库了吗?asyncio做为python的标准库,天然受到不少青睐,但它有时候仍是显得过重量了,尤为是提供了许多复杂的轮子和协议,不便于使用。

你能够理解为,asyncio是使用async/await语法开发的协程库,而不是有asyncio才能用async/await,除了asyncio以外,curio和trio是更加轻量级的替代物,并且也更容易使用。

curio的做者是David Beazley,下面是使用curio建立tcp server的例子,听说这是dabeaz理想中的一个异步服务器的样子:

from curio import run, spawn from curio.socket import * async def echo_server(address): sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM) sock.setsockopt(SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, 1) sock.bind(address) sock.listen(5) print('Server listening at', address) async with sock: while True: client, addr = await sock.accept() await spawn(echo_client, client, addr) async def echo_client(client, addr): print('Connection from', addr) async with client: while True: data = await client.recv(100000) if not data: break await client.sendall(data) print('Connection closed') if __name__ == '__main__': run(echo_server, ('',25000)) 

不管是asyncio仍是curio,或者是其余异步协程库,在背后每每都会借助于IO的事件循环来实现异步,下面用几十行代码来展现一个简陋的基于事件驱动的echo服务器:

from socket import socket, AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR from selectors import DefaultSelector, EVENT_READ selector = DefaultSelector() pool = {} def request(client_socket, addr): client_socket, addr = client_socket, addr def handle_request(key, mask): data = client_socket.recv(100000) if not data: client_socket.close() selector.unregister(client_socket) del pool[addr] else: client_socket.sendall(data) return handle_request def recv_client(key, mask): sock = key.fileobj client_socket, addr = sock.accept() req = request(client_socket, addr) pool[addr] = req selector.register(client_socket, EVENT_READ, req) def echo_server(address): sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM) sock.setsockopt(SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, 1) sock.bind(address) sock.listen(5) selector.register(sock, EVENT_READ, recv_client) try: while True: events = selector.select() for key, mask in events: callback = key.data callback(key, mask) except KeyboardInterrupt: sock.close() if __name__ == '__main__': echo_server(('',25000)) 

验证一下:

# terminal 1 $ nc localhost 25000 hello world hello world # terminal 2 $ nc localhost 25000 hello world hello world 

如今知道,完成异步的代码不必定要用async/await,使用了async/await的代码也不必定能作到异步,async/await是协程的语法糖,使协程之间的调用变得更加清晰,使用async修饰的函数调用时会返回一个协程对象,await只能放在async修饰的函数里面使用,await后面必需要跟着一个协程对象或Awaitable,await的目的是等待协程控制流的返回,而实现暂停并挂起函数的操做是yield。

我的认为,async/await以及协程是Python将来实现异步编程的趋势,咱们将会在更多的地方看到他们的身影,例如协程库的curio和trio,web框架的sanic,数据库驱动的asyncpg等等...在Python 3主导的今天,做为开发者,应该及时拥抱和适应新的变化,而基于async/await的协程凭借良好的可读性和易用性日渐登上舞台,看到这里,你还不赶忙上车?

 

参考:

PEP 492PEP 525

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