Java 8日期/时间( Date/Time)API是开发人员最受追捧的变化之一,Java从一开始就没有对日期时间处理的一致性方法,所以日期/时间API也是除Java核心API之外另外一项倍受欢迎的内容。java
在开始研究Java 8日期/时间API以前,让咱们先来看一下为何咱们须要这样一个新的API。在Java中,现有的与日期和时间相关的类存在诸多问题,其中有:sql
在现有的日期和日历类中定义的方法还存在一些其余的问题,但以上问题已经很清晰地代表:Java须要一个健壮的日期/时间类。这也是为何Joda Time在Java日期/时间需求中扮演了高质量替换的重要角色。api
Java 8日期/时间API是JSR-310的实现,它的实现目标是克服旧的日期时间实现中全部的缺陷,新的日期/时间API的一些设计原则是:
不变性:新的日期/时间API中,全部的类都是不可变的,这对多线程环境有好处。安全
关注点分离:新的API将人可读的日期时间和机器时间(unix timestamp)明确分离,它为日期(Date)、时间(Time)、日期时间(DateTime)、时间戳(unix timestamp)以及时区定义了不一样的类。多线程
清晰:在全部的类中,方法都被明肯定义用以完成相同的行为。举个例子,要拿到当前实例咱们可使用now()方法,在全部的类中都定义了format()和parse()方法,而不是像之前那样专门有一个独立的类。为了更好的处理问题,全部的类都使用了工厂模式和策略模式,一旦你使用了其中某个类的方法,与其余类协同工做并不困难。工具
实用操做:全部新的日期/时间API类都实现了一系列方法用以完成通用的任务,如:加、减、格式化、解析、从日期/时间中提取单独部分,等等。
可扩展性:新的日期/时间API是工做在ISO-8601日历系统上的,但咱们也能够将其应用在非IOS的日历上。this
Java日期/时间API包含如下相应的包。线程
java.time.zone包:这个包包含支持不一样时区以及相关规则的类。设计
咱们已经浏览了Java日期/时间API的大多数重要部分,如今是时候根据示例仔细看一下最重要的一些类了。unix
LocalDate是一个不可变的类,它表示默认格式(yyyy-MM-dd)的日期,咱们可使用now()方法获得当前时间,也能够提供输入年份、月份和日期的输入参数来建立一个LocalDate实例。该类为now()方法提供了重载方法,咱们能够传入ZoneId来得到指定时区的日期。该类提供与java.sql.Date相同的功能,对于如何使用该类,咱们来看一个简单的例子。
package com.journaldev.java8.time; import java.time.LocalDate; import java.time.Month; import java.time.ZoneId; /** * LocalDate Examples * @author pankaj * */ public class LocalDateExample { public static void main(String[] args) { //Current Date LocalDate today = LocalDate.now(); System.out.println("Current Date="+today); //Creating LocalDate by providing input arguments LocalDate firstDay_2014 = LocalDate.of(2014, Month.JANUARY, 1); System.out.println("Specific Date="+firstDay_2014); //Try creating date by providing invalid inputs //LocalDate feb29_2014 = LocalDate.of(2014, Month.FEBRUARY, 29); //Exception in thread "main" java.time.DateTimeException: //Invalid date 'February 29' as '2014' is not a leap year //Current date in "Asia/Kolkata", you can get it from ZoneId javadoc LocalDate todayKolkata = LocalDate.now(ZoneId.of("Asia/Kolkata")); System.out.println("Current Date in IST="+todayKolkata); //java.time.zone.ZoneRulesException: Unknown time-zone ID: IST //LocalDate todayIST = LocalDate.now(ZoneId.of("IST")); //Getting date from the base date i.e 01/01/1970 LocalDate dateFromBase = LocalDate.ofEpochDay(365); System.out.println("365th day from base date= "+dateFromBase); LocalDate hundredDay2014 = LocalDate.ofYearDay(2014, 100); System.out.println("100th day of 2014="+hundredDay2014); } }
示例方法的详解都包含在注释内,当咱们运行程序时,能够获得如下输出:
Current Date=2014-04-28 Specific Date=2014-01-01 Current Date in IST=2014-04-29 365th day from base date= 1971-01-01 100th day of 2014=2014-04-10
LocalTime是一个不可变的类,它的实例表明一个符合人类可读格式的时间,默认格式是hh:mm:ss.zzz。像LocalDate同样,该类也提供了时区支持,同时也能够传入小时、分钟和秒等输入参数建立实例,咱们来看一个简单的程序,演示该类的使用方法。
package com.journaldev.java8.time; import java.time.LocalTime; import java.time.ZoneId; /** * LocalTime Examples * @author pankaj * */ public class LocalTimeExample { public static void main(String[] args) { //Current Time LocalTime time = LocalTime.now(); System.out.println("Current Time="+time); //Creating LocalTime by providing input arguments LocalTime specificTime = LocalTime.of(12,20,25,40); System.out.println("Specific Time of Day="+specificTime); //Try creating time by providing invalid inputs //LocalTime invalidTime = LocalTime.of(25,20); //Exception in thread "main" java.time.DateTimeException: //Invalid value for HourOfDay (valid values 0 - 23): 25 //Current date in "Asia/Kolkata", you can get it from ZoneId javadoc LocalTime timeKolkata = LocalTime.now(ZoneId.of("Asia/Kolkata")); System.out.println("Current Time in IST="+timeKolkata); //java.time.zone.ZoneRulesException: Unknown time-zone ID: IST //LocalTime todayIST = LocalTime.now(ZoneId.of("IST")); //Getting date from the base date i.e 01/01/1970 LocalTime specificSecondTime = LocalTime.ofSecondOfDay(10000); System.out.println("10000th second time= "+specificSecondTime); } }
当运行以上程序时,能够看到以下输出。
Current Time=15:51:45.240 Specific Time of Day=12:20:25.000000040 Current Time in IST=04:21:45.276 10000th second time= 02:46:40
LocalDateTime是一个不可变的日期-时间对象,它表示一组日期-时间,默认格式是yyyy-MM-dd-HH-mm-ss.zzz。它提供了一个工厂方法,接收LocalDate和LocalTime输入参数,建立LocalDateTime实例。咱们来看一个简单的例子。
package com.journaldev.java8.time; import java.time.LocalDate; import java.time.LocalDateTime; import java.time.LocalTime; import java.time.Month; import java.time.ZoneId; import java.time.ZoneOffset; public class LocalDateTimeExample { public static void main(String[] args) { //Current Date LocalDateTime today = LocalDateTime.now(); System.out.println("Current DateTime="+today); //Current Date using LocalDate and LocalTime today = LocalDateTime.of(LocalDate.now(), LocalTime.now()); System.out.println("Current DateTime="+today); //Creating LocalDateTime by providing input arguments LocalDateTime specificDate = LocalDateTime.of(2014, Month.JANUARY, 1, 10, 10, 30); System.out.println("Specific Date="+specificDate); //Try creating date by providing invalid inputs //LocalDateTime feb29_2014 = LocalDateTime.of(2014, Month.FEBRUARY, 28, 25,1,1); //Exception in thread "main" java.time.DateTimeException: //Invalid value for HourOfDay (valid values 0 - 23): 25 //Current date in "Asia/Kolkata", you can get it from ZoneId javadoc LocalDateTime todayKolkata = LocalDateTime.now(ZoneId.of("Asia/Kolkata")); System.out.println("Current Date in IST="+todayKolkata); //java.time.zone.ZoneRulesException: Unknown time-zone ID: IST //LocalDateTime todayIST = LocalDateTime.now(ZoneId.of("IST")); //Getting date from the base date i.e 01/01/1970 LocalDateTime dateFromBase = LocalDateTime.ofEpochSecond(10000, 0, ZoneOffset.UTC); System.out.println("10000th second time from 01/01/1970= "+dateFromBase); } }
在全部这三个例子中,咱们已经看到若是咱们提供了无效的参数去建立日期/时间,那么系统会抛出java.time.DateTimeException,这是一种运行时异常,咱们并不须要显式地捕获它。
同时咱们也看到,可以经过传入ZoneId获得日期/时间数据,你能够从它的Javadoc中获得支持的Zoneid的列表,当运行以上类时,能够获得如下输出。
Current DateTime=2014-04-28T16:00:49.455 Current DateTime=2014-04-28T16:00:49.493 Specific Date=2014-01-01T10:10:30 Current Date in IST=2014-04-29T04:30:49.493 10000th second time from 01/01/1970= 1970-01-01T02:46:40
Instant类是用在机器可读的时间格式上的,它以Unix时间戳的形式存储日期时间,咱们来看一个简单的程序。
package com.journaldev.java8.time; import java.time.Duration; import java.time.Instant; public class InstantExample { public static void main(String[] args) { //Current timestamp Instant timestamp = Instant.now(); System.out.println("Current Timestamp = "+timestamp); //Instant from timestamp Instant specificTime = Instant.ofEpochMilli(timestamp.toEpochMilli()); System.out.println("Specific Time = "+specificTime); //Duration example Duration thirtyDay = Duration.ofDays(30); System.out.println(thirtyDay); } }
上述程序的输出是:
Current Timestamp = 2014-04-28T23:20:08.489Z Specific Time = 2014-04-28T23:20:08.489Z PT720H
咱们早些时候提到过,大多很多天期/时间API类都实现了一系列工具方法,如:加/减天数、周数、月份数,等等。还有其余的工具方法可以使用TemporalAdjuster调整日期,并计算两个日期间的周期。
package com.journaldev.java8.time; import java.time.LocalDate; import java.time.LocalTime; import java.time.Period; import java.time.temporal.TemporalAdjusters; public class DateAPIUtilities { public static void main(String[] args) { LocalDate today = LocalDate.now(); //Get the Year, check if it's leap year System.out.println("Year "+today.getYear()+" is Leap Year? "+today.isLeapYear()); //Compare two LocalDate for before and after System.out.println("Today is before 01/01/2015? "+today.isBefore(LocalDate.of(2015,1,1))); //Create LocalDateTime from LocalDate System.out.println("Current Time="+today.atTime(LocalTime.now())); //plus and minus operations System.out.println("10 days after today will be "+today.plusDays(10)); System.out.println("3 weeks after today will be "+today.plusWeeks(3)); System.out.println("20 months after today will be "+today.plusMonths(20)); System.out.println("10 days before today will be "+today.minusDays(10)); System.out.println("3 weeks before today will be "+today.minusWeeks(3)); System.out.println("20 months before today will be "+today.minusMonths(20)); //Temporal adjusters for adjusting the dates System.out.println("First date of this month= "+today.with(TemporalAdjusters.firstDayOfMonth())); LocalDate lastDayOfYear = today.with(TemporalAdjusters.lastDayOfYear()); System.out.println("Last date of this year= "+lastDayOfYear); Period period = today.until(lastDayOfYear); System.out.println("Period Format= "+period); System.out.println("Months remaining in the year= "+period.getMonths()); } }
上述程序的输出是:
Year 2014 is Leap Year? false Today is before 01/01/2015? true Current Time=2014-04-28T16:23:53.154 10 days after today will be 2014-05-08 3 weeks after today will be 2014-05-19 20 months after today will be 2015-12-28 10 days before today will be 2014-04-18 3 weeks before today will be 2014-04-07 20 months before today will be 2012-08-28 First date of this month= 2014-04-01 Last date of this year= 2014-12-31 Period Format= P8M3D Months remaining in the year= 8
将一个日期格式转换为不一样的格式,以后再解析一个字符串,获得日期时间对象,这些都是很常见的。咱们来看一下简单的例子。
package com.journaldev.java8.time; import java.time.Instant; import java.time.LocalDate; import java.time.LocalDateTime; import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter; public class DateParseFormatExample { public static void main(String[] args) { //Format examples LocalDate date = LocalDate.now(); //default format System.out.println("Default format of LocalDate="+date); //specific format System.out.println(date.format(DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("d::MMM::uuuu"))); System.out.println(date.format(DateTimeFormatter.BASIC_ISO_DATE)); LocalDateTime dateTime = LocalDateTime.now(); //default format System.out.println("Default format of LocalDateTime="+dateTime); //specific format System.out.println(dateTime.format(DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("d::MMM::uuuu HH::mm::ss"))); System.out.println(dateTime.format(DateTimeFormatter.BASIC_ISO_DATE)); Instant timestamp = Instant.now(); //default format System.out.println("Default format of Instant="+timestamp); //Parse examples LocalDateTime dt = LocalDateTime.parse("27::Apr::2014 21::39::48", DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("d::MMM::uuuu HH::mm::ss")); System.out.println("Default format after parsing = "+dt); } }
当运行以上程序时,能够看到以下输出。
Default format of LocalDate=2014-04-28 28::Apr::2014 20140428 Default format of LocalDateTime=2014-04-28T16:25:49.341 28::Apr::2014 16::25::49 20140428 Default format of Instant=2014-04-28T23:25:49.342Z Default format after parsing = 2014-04-27T21:39:48
旧的日期/时间类已经在几乎全部的应用程序中使用,所以作到向下兼容是必须的。这也是为何会有若干工具方法帮助咱们将旧的类转换为新的类,反之亦然。咱们来看一下简单的例子。
package com.journaldev.java8.time; import java.time.Instant; import java.time.LocalDateTime; import java.time.ZoneId; import java.time.ZonedDateTime; import java.util.Calendar; import java.util.Date; import java.util.GregorianCalendar; import java.util.TimeZone; public class DateAPILegacySupport { public static void main(String[] args) { //Date to Instant Instant timestamp = new Date().toInstant(); //Now we can convert Instant to LocalDateTime or other similar classes LocalDateTime date = LocalDateTime.ofInstant(timestamp, ZoneId.of(ZoneId.SHORT_IDS.get("PST"))); System.out.println("Date = "+date); //Calendar to Instant Instant time = Calendar.getInstance().toInstant(); System.out.println(time); //TimeZone to ZoneId ZoneId defaultZone = TimeZone.getDefault().toZoneId(); System.out.println(defaultZone); //ZonedDateTime from specific Calendar ZonedDateTime gregorianCalendarDateTime = new GregorianCalendar().toZonedDateTime(); System.out.println(gregorianCalendarDateTime); //Date API to Legacy classes Date dt = Date.from(Instant.now()); System.out.println(dt); TimeZone tz = TimeZone.getTimeZone(defaultZone); System.out.println(tz); GregorianCalendar gc = GregorianCalendar.from(gregorianCalendarDateTime); System.out.println(gc); } }
当运行以上程序时,能够看到以下输出。
Date = 2014-04-28T16:28:54.340 2014-04-28T23:28:54.395Z America/Los_Angeles 2014-04-28T16:28:54.404-07:00[America/Los_Angeles] Mon Apr 28 16:28:54 PDT 2014 sun.util.calendar.ZoneInfo[id="America/Los_Angeles",offset=-28800000,dstSavings=3600000,useDaylight=true,transitions=185,lastRule=java.util.SimpleTimeZone[id=America/Los_Angeles,offset=-28800000,dstSavings=3600000,useDaylight=true,startYear=0,startMode=3,startMonth=2,startDay=8,startDayOfWeek=1,startTime=7200000,startTimeMode=0,endMode=3,endMonth=10,endDay=1,endDayOfWeek=1,endTime=7200000,endTimeMode=0]] java.util.GregorianCalendar[time=1398727734404,areFieldsSet=true,areAllFieldsSet=true,lenient=true,zone=sun.util.calendar.ZoneInfo[id="America/Los_Angeles",offset=-28800000,dstSavings=3600000,useDaylight=true,transitions=185,lastRule=java.util.SimpleTimeZone[id=America/Los_Angeles,offset=-28800000,dstSavings=3600000,useDaylight=true,startYear=0,startMode=3,startMonth=2,startDay=8,startDayOfWeek=1,startTime=7200000,startTimeMode=0,endMode=3,endMonth=10,endDay=1,endDayOfWeek=1,endTime=7200000,endTimeMode=0]],firstDayOfWeek=2,minimalDaysInFirstWeek=4,ERA=1,YEAR=2014,MONTH=3,WEEK_OF_YEAR=18,WEEK_OF_MONTH=5,DAY_OF_MONTH=28,DAY_OF_YEAR=118,DAY_OF_WEEK=2,DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH=4,AM_PM=1,HOUR=4,HOUR_OF_DAY=16,MINUTE=28,SECOND=54,MILLISECOND=404,ZONE_OFFSET=-28800000,DST_OFFSET=3600000]
你能够看到,旧的TimeZone和GregorianCalendar类的toString()方法太啰嗦了,一点都不友好。
这就是全部的Java 8 日期/时间API的内容,我很是喜欢这个API,它易于使用,同时它采起了某项工做,使类似的方法也易于寻找,虽然从旧的类转移到新的日期时间类须要消耗必定的时间,但我相信这是值得的。