笔记中提供了大量的代码示例,须要说明的是,大部分代码示例都是本人所敲代码并进行测试,不足之处,请你们指正~html
本博客中全部言论仅表明博主本人观点,如有疑惑或者须要本系列分享中的资料工具,敬请联系 qingqing_crawl@163.comjava
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------mysql
前言:今天是 10.24,传说中的程序员节,先祝你们节日快乐,不知道你们今天有没有加班,哈哈。程序员
通过了前两篇的详细介绍,终于迎来了 JPA 的终结篇,楼主认为若是仅仅了解了 JPA 的话,你们可能感受与 Hibernate 几乎差很少,没有什么亮点,可是等你们了解了 SpringData 后,JPA 与 SpringData 相结合,便会发挥出它巨大的优点,极大的简化了咱们操做数据库的步骤,使咱们的代码具备很强的可维护性,楼主随后的博客也将继续介绍。spring
1. 你们对一级缓存比较熟悉,即若查询一条一样的记录,由于一级缓存的存在只发送一条 SQL 语句。那么 JPA 的二级缓存又体如今哪呢?楼主给你们解释为:查询一条一样的记录,在第一次查询后关闭 EntityManager、提交事务后,再从新获取 EntityManager 并开启事务再查询一样的记录,由于有二级缓存的存在也会只发送一条记录。以下:sql
1 //测试 JPA 的二级缓存 2 @Test 3 public void testSecondLevelCache() { 4 Customer customer1 = entityManager.find(Customer.class, 1); 5 6 transaction.commit(); 7 entityManager.close(); 8 9 entityManager = entityManagerFactory.createEntityManager(); 10 transaction = entityManager.getTransaction(); 11 transaction.begin(); 12 13 Customer customer2 = entityManager.find(Customer.class, 1); 14 }
你们能够看到,4 行和 13 行的查询语句同样,6 行,7 行 提交了事务关闭了 EntityManager。若不进行二级缓存的配置,这样的操做会发送两次如出一辙的 SQL 语句,结果就不贴上了,你们能够试一试。若配置了二级缓存,一样的操做便只会发送一条 SQL ,这样能够减少服务器的压力,减小访问数据库的次数。那么如何来配置二级缓存呢?数据库
2. 如何配置二级缓存:缓存
1)persistence.xml 文件中配置二级缓存相关服务器
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <persistence version="2.0" xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/persistence_2_0.xsd"> <persistence-unit name="jpa-1" transaction-type="RESOURCE_LOCAL"> <!-- 配置使用什么 ORM 产品来做为 JPA 的实现 1. 实际上配置的是 javax.persistence.spi.PersistenceProvider 接口的实现类 2. 若 JPA 项目中只有一个 JPA 的实现产品,则能够不配置该节点 --> <provider>org.hibernate.ejb.HibernatePersistence</provider> <!-- 添加持久化类 --> <class>com.software.jpa.helloworld.Customer</class> <class>com.software.jpa.helloworld.Order</class> <class>com.software.jpa.helloworld.Manager</class> <class>com.software.jpa.helloworld.Department</class> <class>com.software.jpa.helloworld.Category</class> <class>com.software.jpa.helloworld.Item</class> <!-- 配置二级缓存的策略 ALL:全部的实体类都被缓存 NONE:全部的实体类都不被缓存. ENABLE_SELECTIVE:标识 @Cacheable(true) 注解的实体类将被缓存 DISABLE_SELECTIVE:缓存除标识 @Cacheable(false) 之外的全部实体类 UNSPECIFIED:默认值,JPA 产品默认值将被使用 --> <shared-cache-mode>ENABLE_SELECTIVE</shared-cache-mode> <properties> <!-- 链接数据库的基本信息 --> <!-- 在 Connection 选项中配置后会自动生成以下信息 --> <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.driver" value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver" /> <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.url" value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/jpa" /> <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.user" value="root" /> <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.password" value="qiqingqing" /> <!-- 配置 JPA 实现产品的基本属性,即配置 Hibernate 的基本属性 --> <property name="hibernate.format_sql" value="true" /> <property name="hibernate.show_sql" value="true" /> <property name="hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto" value="update" /> <!-- 二级缓存相关 --> <property name="hibernate.cache.use_second_level_cache" value="true" /> <property name="hibernate.cache.region.factory_class" value="org.hibernate.cache.ehcache.EhCacheRegionFactory" /> <property name="hibernate.cache.use_query_cache" value="true" /> </properties> </persistence-unit> </persistence>
2)导入 ehcache 的 jar 包和配置文件 ehcache.xml app
jar 包:
配置文件:对二级缓存参数的配置
<ehcache> <!-- Sets the path to the directory where cache .data files are created. If the path is a Java System Property it is replaced by its value in the running VM. The following properties are translated: user.home - User's home directory user.dir - User's current working directory java.io.tmpdir - Default temp file path --> <diskStore path="java.io.tmpdir"/> <!--Default Cache configuration. These will applied to caches programmatically created through the CacheManager. The following attributes are required for defaultCache: maxInMemory - Sets the maximum number of objects that will be created in memory eternal - Sets whether elements are eternal. If eternal, timeouts are ignored and the element is never expired. timeToIdleSeconds - Sets the time to idle for an element before it expires. Is only used if the element is not eternal. Idle time is now - last accessed time timeToLiveSeconds - Sets the time to live for an element before it expires. Is only used if the element is not eternal. TTL is now - creation time overflowToDisk - Sets whether elements can overflow to disk when the in-memory cache has reached the maxInMemory limit. --> <defaultCache maxElementsInMemory="10000" eternal="false" timeToIdleSeconds="120" timeToLiveSeconds="120" overflowToDisk="true" /> <!--Predefined caches. Add your cache configuration settings here. If you do not have a configuration for your cache a WARNING will be issued when the CacheManager starts The following attributes are required for defaultCache: name - Sets the name of the cache. This is used to identify the cache. It must be unique. maxInMemory - Sets the maximum number of objects that will be created in memory eternal - Sets whether elements are eternal. If eternal, timeouts are ignored and the element is never expired. timeToIdleSeconds - Sets the time to idle for an element before it expires. Is only used if the element is not eternal. Idle time is now - last accessed time timeToLiveSeconds - Sets the time to live for an element before it expires. Is only used if the element is not eternal. TTL is now - creation time overflowToDisk - Sets whether elements can overflow to disk when the in-memory cache has reached the maxInMemory limit. --> <!-- Sample cache named sampleCache1 This cache contains a maximum in memory of 10000 elements, and will expire an element if it is idle for more than 5 minutes and lives for more than 10 minutes. If there are more than 10000 elements it will overflow to the disk cache, which in this configuration will go to wherever java.io.tmp is defined on your system. On a standard Linux system this will be /tmp" --> <cache name="sampleCache1" maxElementsInMemory="10000" eternal="false" timeToIdleSeconds="300" timeToLiveSeconds="600" overflowToDisk="true" /> <!-- Sample cache named sampleCache2 This cache contains 1000 elements. Elements will always be held in memory. They are not expired. --> <cache name="sampleCache2" maxElementsInMemory="1000" eternal="true" timeToIdleSeconds="0" timeToLiveSeconds="0" overflowToDisk="false" /> --> <!-- Place configuration for your caches following --> </ehcache>
3)给须要缓存的类添加 @Cacheable(true) 注解,有前面的代码可知,楼主获取的是 Customer 对象
二级缓存就给你们介绍到这里。
1.什么是 JPQL:JPQL语言,即 Java Persistence Query Language 的简称。
2.而后来看一个 JPQL 的 Helloworld:
1 //JPQL 的 HelloWorld 2 @Test 3 public void testHelloJPQL() { 4 String jpql = "FROM Customer c WHERE c.age > ?"; 5 Query query = entityManager.createQuery(jpql); 6 7 //占位符的索引是从 1 开始 8 query.setParameter(1, 21); 9 10 List<Customer> lists = query.getResultList(); 11 System.out.println(lists.size()); 12 13 }
乍一看,你们可能感受 JPQL 像极了 Hibernate 的 HQL 查询,没错,这两种查询的类似度极高。须要注意的是,使用 Query 的 setParameter() 的方法填占位符是,索引是从 1
开始的。
3. 查询部分属性:
1 @Test 2 public void testPartlyProperties() { 3 String jpql = "SELECT new Customer(c.lastName, c.age) FROM Customer c WHERE c.id > ?"; 4 Query query = entityManager.createQuery(jpql); 5 6 query.setParameter(1, 1); 7 8 List lists = query.getResultList(); 9 System.out.println(lists); 10 }
默认状况下若只查询部分属性,则将返回 Object[] 类型的结果或 Object[] 类型的 List,能够在实体类中建立对应的构造器,而后在 jpql 中利用对应的构造器返回实体类对应的对象,这样获得的结果能够很使人满意,也很方便咱们来操做。
4.命名查询 NamedQuery:
1)在须要查询的对象类上添加 @NamedQuery 注解:
2)建立测试方法:
5. 本地 SQL 查询使用 EntityManager 的 createNativeQuery() 方法:
1 //本地 SQL 查询 2 @Test 3 public void testNativeQuery() { 4 String sql = "SELECT age FROM jpa_customer WHERE id = ?"; 5 Query query = entityManager.createNativeQuery(sql).setParameter(1, 1); 6 Object result = query.getSingleResult(); 7 System.out.println(result); 8 }
6. 可使用 Order By 字句:
1 // jpql 中的 Order By 子句 2 @Test 3 public void testOrderBy() { 4 String jpql = "FROM Customer c WHERE c.age > ? ORDER BY c.age DESC"; 5 Query query = entityManager.createQuery(jpql); 6 7 //占位符的索引是从 1 开始 8 query.setParameter(1, 21); 9 10 List<Customer> lists = query.getResultList(); 11 System.out.println(lists.size()); 12 }
7.还可使用 Group By 子句:
1 //查询 order 数量大于 2 的那些 Customer 2 @Test 3 public void testGroupBy() { 4 String jpql = "SELECT o.customer FROM Order o GROUP BY o.customer HAVING count(o.id) >= 2"; 5 List<Customer> lists = entityManager.createQuery(jpql).getResultList(); 6 System.out.println(lists); 7 }
8.也可使用子查询
1 //子查询 2 @Test 3 public void testSubQuery() { 4 //查询全部 Customer 的 lastName 为 YY 的 Order 5 String jpql = "SELECT o FROM Order o" 6 + " WHERE o.customer = (SELECT c FROM Customer c WHERE c.lastName = ?)"; 7 List<Order> orders = entityManager.createQuery(jpql).setParameter(1, "YY").getResultList(); 8 System.out.println(orders.size()); 9 }
JPA 的一些 API 也能够放到 Spring 的 IOC 容器中,交由 Spring 容器管理,那么如何用 Spring 来整合 JPA 呢?
1.新建 JPA 工程,导入所需的 jar包(Hibernate、JPA、c3p0、Spring、MySQL 驱动)
2.类路径下建立 db.properties 数据库配置文件,配置数据库的连接信息(楼主在这只配置了必须属性)
1 jdbc.user=root 2 jdbc.password=qiqingqing 3 jdbc.driverClass=com.mysql.jdbc.Driver 4 jdbc.jdbcUrl=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/jpa
3.类路径下建立 Spring 的配置文件 applicationContext.xml,配置自动扫描的包,将 db.propertiest 文件导入,并配置 c3p0 数据源
1 <!-- 配置自动扫描的包 --> 2 <context:component-scan base-package="com.software.jpa"></context:component-scan> 3 4 <!-- 配置数据源 --> 5 <context:property-placeholder location="classpath:db.properties"/> 6 7 <bean id="dataSource" class="com.mchange.v2.c3p0.ComboPooledDataSource"> 8 <property name="user" value="${jdbc.user}"></property> 9 <property name="password" value="${jdbc.password}"></property> 10 <property name="driverClass" value="${jdbc.driverClass}"></property> 11 <property name="jdbcUrl" value="${jdbc.jdbcUrl}"></property> 12 </bean>
4.在 applicationContext.xml 中配置 JPA 的 EntityManagerFactory
1 <!-- 配置 EntityManagerFactory --> 2 <bean id="entityManagerFactory" 3 class="org.springframework.orm.jpa.LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean"> 4 <!-- 配置数据源 --> 5 <property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"></property> 6 <!-- 配置 JPA 提供商的适配器,能够经过内部 bean 的方式来配置 --> 7 <property name="jpaVendorAdapter"> 8 <bean class="org.springframework.orm.jpa.vendor.HibernateJpaVendorAdapter"></bean> 9 </property> 10 <!-- 配置实体类所在的包 --> 11 <property name="packagesToScan" value="com.software.jpa.spring.entities"></property> 12 <!-- 配置 JPA 的基本属性,好比,JPA 实现产品的属性 --> 13 <property name="jpaProperties"> 14 <props> 15 <prop key="hibernate.show_sql">true</prop> 16 <prop key="hibernate.format_sql">true</prop> 17 <prop key="hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto">update</prop> 18 </props> 19 </property> 20 </bean>
5.配置 JPA 使用的事务管理器及配置支持基于注解的事务配置
1 <!-- 配置 JPA 使用的事务管理器 --> 2 <bean id="transactionManager" class="org.springframework.orm.jpa.JpaTransactionManager"> 3 <property name="entityManagerFactory" ref="entityManagerFactory"></property> 4 </bean> 5 6 <!-- 配置支持基于注解的事务配置 --> 7 <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
6.为了测试建立实体类 Person,添加相应的 JPA 注解,生成对应的数据表
1 package com.software.jpa.spring.entities; 2 3 import javax.persistence.Column; 4 import javax.persistence.Entity; 5 import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue; 6 import javax.persistence.Id; 7 import javax.persistence.Table; 8 9 @Table(name="JPA_PERSONS") 10 @Entity 11 public class Person { 12 13 private Integer id; 14 15 private String lastName; 16 17 private String email; 18 19 private Integer age; 20 21 @GeneratedValue 22 @Id 23 public Integer getId() { 24 return id; 25 } 26 27 public void setId(Integer id) { 28 this.id = id; 29 } 30 31 @Column(name="LAST_NAME") 32 public String getLastName() { 33 return lastName; 34 } 35 36 public void setLastName(String lastName) { 37 this.lastName = lastName; 38 } 39 40 public String getEmail() { 41 return email; 42 } 43 44 public void setEmail(String email) { 45 this.email = email; 46 } 47 48 public Integer getAge() { 49 return age; 50 } 51 52 public void setAge(Integer age) { 53 this.age = age; 54 } 55 56 }
7.建立 PersonDao 使用 @PersistenceContext 获取和当前事务关联的 EntityManager 对象
1 package com.software.jpa.dao; 2 3 import javax.persistence.EntityManager; 4 import javax.persistence.PersistenceContext; 5 6 import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository; 7 8 import com.software.jpa.spring.entities.Person; 9 10 @Repository 11 public class PersonDao { 12 13 //使用 @PersistenceContext 获取和当前事务关联的 EntityManager 对象 14 @PersistenceContext 15 private EntityManager entityManager; 16 17 public void save(Person p) { 18 entityManager.persist(p); 19 } 20 21 }
8.建立 PersonService ,模拟事务操做,20 行楼主设计了一个算数异常,若整合成功,由于添加了事务操做,因此 18 行和 22 行的两条记录都没有插入进数据库。
1 package com.software.jpa.service; 2 3 import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; 4 import org.springframework.stereotype.Service; 5 import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional; 6 7 import com.software.jpa.dao.PersonDao; 8 import com.software.jpa.spring.entities.Person; 9 10 @Service 11 public class PersonService { 12 13 @Autowired 14 private PersonDao dao; 15 16 @Transactional 17 public void save(Person p1, Person p2) { 18 dao.save(p1); 19 20 int i = 10/0; 21 22 dao.save(p2); 23 } 24 25 }
9.建立测试方法,并执行
1 package com.software.jpa.spring; 2 3 import javax.sql.DataSource; 4 5 import org.junit.Test; 6 import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext; 7 import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext; 8 9 import com.software.jpa.service.PersonService; 10 import com.software.jpa.spring.entities.Person; 11 12 public class JPATest { 13 14 private ApplicationContext ctx = null; 15 16 private PersonService personService = null; 17 18 { 19 ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml"); 20 21 personService = ctx.getBean(PersonService.class); 22 } 23 24 @Test 25 public void testSave() { 26 Person p1 = new Person(); 27 p1.setAge(11); 28 p1.setEmail("aa@163.com"); 29 p1.setLastName("AA"); 30 31 Person p2 = new Person(); 32 p2.setAge(12); 33 p2.setEmail("bb@163.com"); 34 p2.setLastName("BB"); 35 36 System.out.println(personService.getClass().getName()); 37 personService.save(p1, p2); 38 } 39 40 @Test 41 public void testDataSourct() throws Exception { 42 DataSource dataSource = ctx.getBean(DataSource.class); 43 System.out.println(dataSource.getConnection()); 44 } 45 46 }
JPA 的知识介绍到此就彻底结束了,楼主整理了不短的时间,但愿能够帮助到须要的朋友。
相关连接:
JPA + SpringData 操做数据库原来能够这么简单 ---- 深刻了解 JPA - 1
JPA + SpringData 操做数据库原来能够这么简单 ---- 深刻了解 JPA - 2