首先介绍一下什么是Compare And Swap(CAS)?简单的说就是比较并交换。 CAS 操做包含三个操做数 —— 内存位置(V)、预期原值(A)和新值(B)。若是内存位置的值与预期原值相匹配,那么处理器会自动将该位置值更新为新值。不然,处理器不作任何操做。不管哪一种状况,它都会在 CAS 指令以前返回该位置的值。CAS 有效地说明了“我认为位置 V 应该包含值 A;若是包含该值,则将 B 放到这个位置;不然,不要更改该位置,只告诉我这个位置如今的值便可。” Java并发包(java.util.concurrent)中大量使用了CAS操做,涉及到并发的地方都调用了sun.misc.Unsafe类方法进行CAS操做。 在看一下volatile,Volatile修饰的成员变量在每次被线程访问时,都强迫从共享内存中重读该成员变量的值。并且,当成员变量发生变化时,强迫线程将变化值回写到共享内存。这样在任什么时候刻,两个不一样的线程老是看到某个成员变量的值是相同的,更简单一点理解就是volatile修饰的变量值发生变化时对于另外的线程是可见的。 如何正确使用volatile能够参考下面这篇文章: Java 理论与实践: 正确使用 Volatile 变量 下面来看看java中具体的CAS操做类sun.misc.Unsafe。Unsafe类提供了硬件级别的原子操做,Java没法直接访问到操做系统底层(如系统硬件等),为此Java使用native方法来扩展Java程序的功能。具体实现使用c++,详见文件su();sun.misc包的源代码能够在这里找到:java
//下面是sun.misc.Unsafe.java类源码 package sun.misc; import java.lang.reflect.Field; /*** * This class should provide access to low-level operations and its * use should be limited to trusted code. Fields can be accessed using * memory addresses, with undefined behaviour occurring if invalid memory * addresses are given. * 这个类提供了一个更底层的操做而且应该在受信任的代码中使用。能够经过内存地址 * 存取fields,若是给出的内存地址是无效的那么会有一个不肯定的运行表现。 * * @author Tom Tromey () * @author Andrew John Hughes (gnu_andrew@membe) */ public class Unsafe { // Singleton class. private static Unsafe unsafe = new Unsafe(); /*** * Private default constructor to prevent creation of an arbitrary * number of instances. * 使用私有默认构造器防止建立多个实例 */ private Unsafe() { } /*** * Retrieve the singleton instance of <code>Unsafe</code>. The calling * method should guard this instance from untrusted code, as it provides * access to low-level operations such as direct memory access. * 获取<code>Unsafe</code>的单例,这个方法调用应该防止在不可信的代码中实例, * 由于unsafe类提供了一个低级别的操做,例如直接内存存取。 * * @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and prevents * access to the system properties. * 若是安全管理器不存在或者禁止访问系统属性 */ public static Unsafe getUnsafe() { SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager(); if (sm != null) sm.checkPropertiesAccess(); return unsafe; } /*** * Returns the memory address offset of the given static field. * The offset is merely used as a means to access a particular field * in the other methods of this class. The value is unique to the given * field and the same value should be returned on each subsequent call. * 返回指定静态field的内存地址偏移量,在这个类的其余方法中这个值只是被用做一个访问 * 特定field的一个方式。这个值对于 给定的field是惟一的,而且后续对该方法的调用都应该 * 返回相同的值。 * * @param field the field whose offset should be returned. * 须要返回偏移量的field * @return the offset of the given field. * 指定field的偏移量 */ public native long objectFieldOffset(Field field); /*** * Compares the value of the integer field at the specified offset * in the supplied object with the given expected value, and updates * it if they match. The operation of this method should be atomic, * thus providing an uninterruptible way of updating an integer field. * 在obj的offset位置比较integer field和指望的值,若是相同则更新。这个方法 * 的操做应该是原子的,所以提供了一种不可中断的方式更新integer field。 * * @param obj the object containing the field to modify. * 包含要修改field的对象 * @param offset the offset of the integer field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中整型field的偏移量 * @param expect the expected value of the field. * 但愿field中存在的值 * @param update the new value of the field if it equals <code>expect</code>. * 若是指望值expect与field的当前值相同,设置filed的值为这个新值 * @return true if the field was changed. * 若是field的值被更改 */ public native boolean compareAndSwapInt(Object obj, long offset, int expect, int update); /*** * Compares the value of the long field at the specified offset * in the supplied object with the given expected value, and updates * it if they match. The operation of this method should be atomic, * thus providing an uninterruptible way of updating a long field. * 在obj的offset位置比较long field和指望的值,若是相同则更新。这个方法 * 的操做应该是原子的,所以提供了一种不可中断的方式更新long field。 * * @param obj the object containing the field to modify. * 包含要修改field的对象 * @param offset the offset of the long field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中long型field的偏移量 * @param expect the expected value of the field. * 但愿field中存在的值 * @param update the new value of the field if it equals <code>expect</code>. * 若是指望值expect与field的当前值相同,设置filed的值为这个新值 * @return true if the field was changed. * 若是field的值被更改 */ public native boolean compareAndSwapLong(Object obj, long offset, long expect, long update); /*** * Compares the value of the object field at the specified offset * in the supplied object with the given expected value, and updates * it if they match. The operation of this method should be atomic, * thus providing an uninterruptible way of updating an object field. * 在obj的offset位置比较object field和指望的值,若是相同则更新。这个方法 * 的操做应该是原子的,所以提供了一种不可中断的方式更新object field。 * * @param obj the object containing the field to modify. * 包含要修改field的对象 * @param offset the offset of the object field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中object型field的偏移量 * @param expect the expected value of the field. * 但愿field中存在的值 * @param update the new value of the field if it equals <code>expect</code>. * 若是指望值expect与field的当前值相同,设置filed的值为这个新值 * @return true if the field was changed. * 若是field的值被更改 */ public native boolean compareAndSwapObject(Object obj, long offset, Object expect, Object update); /*** * Sets the value of the integer field at the specified offset in the * supplied object to the given value. This is an ordered or lazy * version of <code>putIntVolatile(Object,long,int)</code>, which * doesn't guarantee the immediate visibility of the change to other * threads. It is only really useful where the integer field is * <code>volatile</code>, and is thus expected to change unexpectedly. * 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的整型field的值为指定值。这是一个有序或者 * 有延迟的<code>putIntVolatile</cdoe>方法,而且不保证值的改变被其余线程立 * 即看到。只有在field被<code>volatile</code>修饰而且指望被意外修改的时候 * 使用才有用。 * * @param obj the object containing the field to modify. * 包含须要修改field的对象 * @param offset the offset of the integer field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中整型field的偏移量 * @param value the new value of the field. * field将被设置的新值 * @see #putIntVolatile(Object,long,int) */ public native void putOrderedInt(Object obj, long offset, int value); /*** * Sets the value of the long field at the specified offset in the * supplied object to the given value. This is an ordered or lazy * version of <code>putLongVolatile(Object,long,long)</code>, which * doesn't guarantee the immediate visibility of the change to other * threads. It is only really useful where the long field is * <code>volatile</code>, and is thus expected to change unexpectedly. * 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的long型field的值为指定值。这是一个有序或者 * 有延迟的<code>putLongVolatile</cdoe>方法,而且不保证值的改变被其余线程立 * 即看到。只有在field被<code>volatile</code>修饰而且指望被意外修改的时候 * 使用才有用。 * * @param obj the object containing the field to modify. * 包含须要修改field的对象 * @param offset the offset of the long field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中long型field的偏移量 * @param value the new value of the field. * field将被设置的新值 * @see #putLongVolatile(Object,long,long) */ public native void putOrderedLong(Object obj, long offset, long value); /*** * Sets the value of the object field at the specified offset in the * supplied object to the given value. This is an ordered or lazy * version of <code>putObjectVolatile(Object,long,Object)</code>, which * doesn't guarantee the immediate visibility of the change to other * threads. It is only really useful where the object field is * <code>volatile</code>, and is thus expected to change unexpectedly. * 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的object型field的值为指定值。这是一个有序或者 * 有延迟的<code>putObjectVolatile</cdoe>方法,而且不保证值的改变被其余线程立 * 即看到。只有在field被<code>volatile</code>修饰而且指望被意外修改的时候 * 使用才有用。 * * @param obj the object containing the field to modify. * 包含须要修改field的对象 * @param offset the offset of the object field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中long型field的偏移量 * @param value the new value of the field. * field将被设置的新值 */ public native void putOrderedObject(Object obj, long offset, Object value); /*** * Sets the value of the integer field at the specified offset in the * supplied object to the given value, with volatile store semantics. * 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的整型field的值为指定值。支持volatile store语义 * * @param obj the object containing the field to modify. * 包含须要修改field的对象 * @param offset the offset of the integer field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中整型field的偏移量 * @param value the new value of the field. * field将被设置的新值 */ public native void putIntVolatile(Object obj, long offset, int value); /*** * Retrieves the value of the integer field at the specified offset in the * supplied object with volatile load semantics. * 获取obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的整型field的值,支持volatile load语义。 * * @param obj the object containing the field to read. * 包含须要去读取的field的对象 * @param offset the offset of the integer field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中整型field的偏移量 */ public native int getIntVolatile(Object obj, long offset); /*** * Sets the value of the long field at the specified offset in the * supplied object to the given value, with volatile store semantics. * 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的long型field的值为指定值。支持volatile store语义 * * @param obj the object containing the field to modify. * 包含须要修改field的对象 * @param offset the offset of the long field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中long型field的偏移量 * @param value the new value of the field. * field将被设置的新值 * @see #putLong(Object,long,long) */ public native void putLongVolatile(Object obj, long offset, long value); /*** * Sets the value of the long field at the specified offset in the * supplied object to the given value. * 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的long型field的值为指定值。 * * @param obj the object containing the field to modify. * 包含须要修改field的对象 * @param offset the offset of the long field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中long型field的偏移量 * @param value the new value of the field. * field将被设置的新值 * @see #putLongVolatile(Object,long,long) */ public native void putLong(Object obj, long offset, long value); /*** * Retrieves the value of the long field at the specified offset in the * supplied object with volatile load semantics. * 获取obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的long型field的值,支持volatile load语义。 * * @param obj the object containing the field to read. * 包含须要去读取的field的对象 * @param offset the offset of the long field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中long型field的偏移量 * @see #getLong(Object,long) */ public native long getLongVolatile(Object obj, long offset); /*** * Retrieves the value of the long field at the specified offset in the * supplied object. * 获取obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的long型field的值 * * @param obj the object containing the field to read. * 包含须要去读取的field的对象 * @param offset the offset of the long field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中long型field的偏移量 * @see #getLongVolatile(Object,long) */ public native long getLong(Object obj, long offset); /*** * Sets the value of the object field at the specified offset in the * supplied object to the given value, with volatile store semantics. * 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的object型field的值为指定值。支持volatile store语义 * * @param obj the object containing the field to modify. * 包含须要修改field的对象 * @param offset the offset of the object field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中object型field的偏移量 * @param value the new value of the field. * field将被设置的新值 * @see #putObject(Object,long,Object) */ public native void putObjectVolatile(Object obj, long offset, Object value); /*** * Sets the value of the object field at the specified offset in the * supplied object to the given value. * 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的object型field的值为指定值。 * * @param obj the object containing the field to modify. * 包含须要修改field的对象 * @param offset the offset of the object field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中object型field的偏移量 * @param value the new value of the field. * field将被设置的新值 * @see #putObjectVolatile(Object,long,Object) */ public native void putObject(Object obj, long offset, Object value); /*** * Retrieves the value of the object field at the specified offset in the * supplied object with volatile load semantics. * 获取obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的object型field的值,支持volatile load语义。 * * @param obj the object containing the field to read. * 包含须要去读取的field的对象 * @param offset the offset of the object field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中object型field的偏移量 */ public native Object getObjectVolatile(Object obj, long offset); /*** * Returns the offset of the first element for a given array class. * To access elements of the array class, this value may be used along with * with that returned by * <a #arrayIndexScale"$amp;>amp;$lt;code>arrayIndexScale</code$amp;>amp;$lt;/a>, * if non-zero. * 获取给定数组中第一个元素的偏移地址。 * 为了存取数组中的元素,这个偏移地址与<a #arrayIndexScale"$amp;>amp;$lt;code>arrayIndexScale * </code$amp;>amp;$lt;/a>方法的非0返回值一块儿被使用。 * @param arrayClass the class for which the first element's address should * be obtained. * 第一个元素地址被获取的class * @return the offset of the first element of the array class. * 数组第一个元素 的偏移地址 * @see arrayIndexScale(Class) */ public native int arrayBaseOffset(Class arrayClass); /*** * Returns the scale factor used for addressing elements of the supplied * array class. Where a suitable scale factor can not be returned (e.g. * for primitive types), zero should be returned. The returned value * can be used with * <a #arrayBaseOffset"$amp;>amp;$lt;code>arrayBaseOffset</code$amp;>amp;$lt;/a> * to access elements of the class. * 获取用户给定数组寻址的换算因子.一个合适的换算因子不能返回的时候(例如:基本类型), * 返回0.这个返回值可以与<a #arrayBaseOffset"$amp;>amp;$lt;code>arrayBaseOffset</code> * </a>一块儿使用去存取这个数组class中的元素 * * @param arrayClass the class whose scale factor should be returned. * @return the scale factor, or zero if not supported for this array class. */ public native int arrayIndexScale(Class arrayClass); /*** * Releases the block on a thread created by * <a #park"$amp;>amp;$lt;code>park</code$amp;>amp;$lt;/a>. This method can also be used * to terminate a blockage caused by a prior call to <code>park</code>. * This operation is unsafe, as the thread must be guaranteed to be * live. This is true of Java, but not native code. * 释放被<a #park"$amp;>amp;$lt;code>park</code$amp;>amp;$lt;/a>建立的在一个线程上的阻塞.这个 * 方法也能够被使用来终止一个先前调用<code>park</code>致使的阻塞. * 这个操做操做时不安全的,所以线程必须保证是活的.这是java代码不是native代码。 * @param thread the thread to unblock. * 要解除阻塞的线程 */ public native void unpark(Thread thread); /*** * Blocks the thread until a matching * <a #unpark"$amp;>amp;$lt;code>unpark</code$amp;>amp;$lt;/a> occurs, the thread is * interrupted or the optional timeout expires. If an <code>unpark</code> * call has already occurred, this also counts. A timeout value of zero * is defined as no timeout. When <code>isAbsolute</code> is * <code>true</code>, the timeout is in milliseconds relative to the * epoch. Otherwise, the value is the number of nanoseconds which must * occur before timeout. This call may also return spuriously (i.e. * for no apparent reason). * 阻塞一个线程直到<a #unpark"$amp;>amp;$lt;code>unpark</code$amp;>amp;$lt;/a>出现、线程 * 被中断或者timeout时间到期。若是一个<code>unpark</code>调用已经出现了, * 这里只计数。timeout为0表示永不过时.当<code>isAbsolute</code>为true时, * timeout是相对于新纪元以后的毫秒。不然这个值就是超时前的纳秒数。这个方法执行时 * 也可能不合理地返回(没有具体缘由) * * @param isAbsolute true if the timeout is specified in milliseconds from * the epoch. * 若是为true timeout的值是一个相对于新纪元以后的毫秒数 * @param time either the number of nanoseconds to wait, or a time in * milliseconds from the epoch to wait for. * 能够是一个要等待的纳秒数,或者是一个相对于新纪元以后的毫秒数直到 * 到达这个时间点 */ public native void park(boolean isAbsolute, long time); }
//下面是su源码 #include <gcj/cni.h> #include <gcj/field.h> #include <gcj/javaprims.h> #include <jvm.h> #include <sun/misc/Unsafe.h> #include <java/lang/System.h> #include <java/lang/InterruptedException.h> #include <java/lang/Thread.h> #include <java/lang/Long.h> #include "sysdep/locks.h" // Use a spinlock for multi-word accesses class spinlock { static volatile obj_addr_t lock; public: spinlock () { while (! compare_and_swap (&lock, 0, 1)) _Jv_ThreadYield (); } ~spinlock () { release_set (&lock, 0); } }; // This is a single lock that is used for all synchronized accesses if // the compiler can't generate inline compare-and-swap operations. In // most cases it'll never be used, but the i386 needs it for 64-bit // locked accesses and so does PPC32. It's worth building libgcj with // target=i486 (or above) to get the inlines. volatile obj_addr_t spinlock::lock; static inline bool compareAndSwap (volatile jint *addr, jint old, jint new_val) { jboolean result = false; spinlock lock; if ((result = (*addr == old))) *addr = new_val; return result; } static inline bool compareAndSwap (volatile jlong *addr, jlong old, jlong new_val) { jboolean result = false; spinlock lock; if ((result = (*addr == old))) *addr = new_val; return result; } static inline bool compareAndSwap (volatile jobject *addr, jobject old, jobject new_val) { jboolean result = false; spinlock lock; if ((result = (*addr == old))) *addr = new_val; return result; } jlong sun::misc::Unsafe::objectFieldOffset (::java::lang::reflect::Field *field) { _Jv_Field *fld = _Jv_FromReflectedField (field); // FIXME: what if it is not an instance field return fld->getOffset(); } jint sun::misc::Unsafe::arrayBaseOffset (jclass arrayClass) { // FIXME: assert that arrayClass is array. jclass eltClass = arrayClass->getComponentType(); return (jint)(jlong) _Jv_GetArrayElementFromElementType (NULL, eltClass); } jint sun::misc::Unsafe::arrayIndexScale (jclass arrayClass) { // FIXME: assert that arrayClass is array. jclass eltClass = arrayClass->getComponentType(); if (eltClass->isPrimitive()) return eltClass->size(); return sizeof (void *); } // These methods are used when the compiler fails to generate inline // versions of the compare-and-swap primitives. jboolean sun::misc::Unsafe::compareAndSwapInt (jobject obj, jlong offset, jint expect, jint update) { jint *addr = (jint *)((char *)obj + offset); return compareAndSwap (addr, expect, update); } jboolean sun::misc::Unsafe::compareAndSwapLong (jobject obj, jlong offset, jlong expect, jlong update) { volatile jlong *addr = (jlong*)((char *) obj + offset); return compareAndSwap (addr, expect, update); } jboolean sun::misc::Unsafe::compareAndSwapObject (jobject obj, jlong offset, jobject expect, jobject update) { jobject *addr = (jobject*)((char *) obj + offset); return compareAndSwap (addr, expect, update); } void sun::misc::Unsafe::putOrderedInt (jobject obj, jlong offset, jint value) { volatile jint *addr = (jint *) ((char *) obj + offset); *addr = value; } void sun::misc::Unsafe::putOrderedLong (jobject obj, jlong offset, jlong value) { volatile jlong *addr = (jlong *) ((char *) obj + offset); spinlock lock; *addr = value; } void sun::misc::Unsafe::putOrderedObject (jobject obj, jlong offset, jobject value) { volatile jobject *addr = (jobject *) ((char *) obj + offset); *addr = value; } void sun::misc::Unsafe::putIntVolatile (jobject obj, jlong offset, jint value) { write_barrier (); volatile jint *addr = (jint *) ((char *) obj + offset); *addr = value; } void sun::misc::Unsafe::putLongVolatile (jobject obj, jlong offset, jlong value) { volatile jlong *addr = (jlong *) ((char *) obj + offset); spinlock lock; *addr = value; } void sun::misc::Unsafe::putObjectVolatile (jobject obj, jlong offset, jobject value) { write_barrier (); volatile jobject *addr = (jobject *) ((char *) obj + offset); *addr = value; } #if 0 // FIXME void sun::misc::Unsafe::putInt (jobject obj, jlong offset, jint value) { jint *addr = (jint *) ((char *) obj + offset); *addr = value; } #endif void sun::misc::Unsafe::putLong (jobject obj, jlong offset, jlong value) { jlong *addr = (jlong *) ((char *) obj + offset); spinlock lock; *addr = value; } void sun::misc::Unsafe::putObject (jobject obj, jlong offset, jobject value) { jobject *addr = (jobject *) ((char *) obj + offset); *addr = value; } jint sun::misc::Unsafe::getIntVolatile (jobject obj, jlong offset) { volatile jint *addr = (jint *) ((char *) obj + offset); jint result = *addr; read_barrier (); return result; } jobject sun::misc::Unsafe::getObjectVolatile (jobject obj, jlong offset) { volatile jobject *addr = (jobject *) ((char *) obj + offset); jobject result = *addr; read_barrier (); return result; } jlong sun::misc::Unsafe::getLong (jobject obj, jlong offset) { jlong *addr = (jlong *) ((char *) obj + offset); spinlock lock; return *addr; } jlong sun::misc::Unsafe::getLongVolatile (jobject obj, jlong offset) { volatile jlong *addr = (jlong *) ((char *) obj + offset); spinlock lock; return *addr; } void sun::misc::Unsafe::unpark (::java::lang::Thread *thread) { natThread *nt = (natThread *) thread->data; nt->park_helper.unpark (); } void sun::misc::Unsafe::park (jboolean isAbsolute, jlong time) { using namespace ::java::lang; Thread *thread = Thread::currentThread(); natThread *nt = (natThread *) thread->data; nt->park_helper.park (isAbsolute, time); }
* 若是您有不一样看法或发现错误,欢迎讨论或指出。qq:294016299c++