源码剖解之sun.misc.Unsafe

首先介绍一下什么是Compare And Swap(CAS)?简单的说就是比较并交换。   CAS 操做包含三个操做数 —— 内存位置(V)、预期原值(A)和新值(B)。若是内存位置的值与预期原值相匹配,那么处理器会自动将该位置值更新为新值。不然,处理器不作任何操做。不管哪一种状况,它都会在 CAS 指令以前返回该位置的值。CAS 有效地说明了“我认为位置 V 应该包含值 A;若是包含该值,则将 B 放到这个位置;不然,不要更改该位置,只告诉我这个位置如今的值便可。” Java并发包(java.util.concurrent)中大量使用了CAS操做,涉及到并发的地方都调用了sun.misc.Unsafe类方法进行CAS操做。   在看一下volatile,Volatile修饰的成员变量在每次被线程访问时,都强迫从共享内存中重读该成员变量的值。并且,当成员变量发生变化时,强迫线程将变化值回写到共享内存。这样在任什么时候刻,两个不一样的线程老是看到某个成员变量的值是相同的,更简单一点理解就是volatile修饰的变量值发生变化时对于另外的线程是可见的。   如何正确使用volatile能够参考下面这篇文章:   Java 理论与实践: 正确使用 Volatile 变量   下面来看看java中具体的CAS操做类sun.misc.Unsafe。Unsafe类提供了硬件级别的原子操做,Java没法直接访问到操做系统底层(如系统硬件等),为此Java使用native方法来扩展Java程序的功能。具体实现使用c++,详见文件su();sun.misc包的源代码能够在这里找到:java

//下面是sun.misc.Unsafe.java类源码
package sun.misc;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
/***
* This class should provide access to low-level operations and its
* use should be limited to trusted code. Fields can be accessed using
* memory addresses, with undefined behaviour occurring if invalid memory
* addresses are given.
* 这个类提供了一个更底层的操做而且应该在受信任的代码中使用。能够经过内存地址
* 存取fields,若是给出的内存地址是无效的那么会有一个不肯定的运行表现。
* 
* @author Tom Tromey ()
* @author Andrew John Hughes (gnu_andrew@membe)
*/
public class Unsafe
{
// Singleton class.
private static Unsafe unsafe = new Unsafe();
  /***
  * Private default constructor to prevent creation of an arbitrary
  * number of instances.
  * 使用私有默认构造器防止建立多个实例
  */
private Unsafe()
{
}
  /***
  * Retrieve the singleton instance of <code>Unsafe</code>. The calling
  * method should guard this instance from untrusted code, as it provides
  * access to low-level operations such as direct memory access.
  * 获取<code>Unsafe</code>的单例,这个方法调用应该防止在不可信的代码中实例,
  * 由于unsafe类提供了一个低级别的操做,例如直接内存存取。
  * 
  * @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and prevents
  *              access to the system properties.
  *              若是安全管理器不存在或者禁止访问系统属性
  */
public static Unsafe getUnsafe()
{
  SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
  if (sm != null)
   sm.checkPropertiesAccess();
  return unsafe;
}

/***
  * Returns the memory address offset of the given static field.
  * The offset is merely used as a means to access a particular field
  * in the other methods of this class. The value is unique to the given
  * field and the same value should be returned on each subsequent call.
  * 返回指定静态field的内存地址偏移量,在这个类的其余方法中这个值只是被用做一个访问
  * 特定field的一个方式。这个值对于 给定的field是惟一的,而且后续对该方法的调用都应该
  * 返回相同的值。
  *
  * @param field the field whose offset should be returned.
  *       须要返回偏移量的field
  * @return the offset of the given field.
  *     指定field的偏移量
  */
public native long objectFieldOffset(Field field);
  /***
  * Compares the value of the integer field at the specified offset
  * in the supplied object with the given expected value, and updates
  * it if they match. The operation of this method should be atomic,
  * thus providing an uninterruptible way of updating an integer field.
  * 在obj的offset位置比较integer field和指望的值,若是相同则更新。这个方法
  * 的操做应该是原子的,所以提供了一种不可中断的方式更新integer field。
  * 
  * @param obj the object containing the field to modify.
  *      包含要修改field的对象
  * @param offset the offset of the integer field within <code>obj</code>.
  *        <code>obj</code>中整型field的偏移量
  * @param expect the expected value of the field.
  *        但愿field中存在的值
  * @param update the new value of the field if it equals <code>expect</code>.
  *      若是指望值expect与field的当前值相同,设置filed的值为这个新值
  * @return true if the field was changed.
  *               若是field的值被更改
  */
public native boolean compareAndSwapInt(Object obj, long offset,
                     int expect, int update);
  /***
  * Compares the value of the long field at the specified offset
  * in the supplied object with the given expected value, and updates
  * it if they match. The operation of this method should be atomic,
  * thus providing an uninterruptible way of updating a long field.
  * 在obj的offset位置比较long field和指望的值,若是相同则更新。这个方法
  * 的操做应该是原子的,所以提供了一种不可中断的方式更新long field。
  * 
  * @param obj the object containing the field to modify.
  *        包含要修改field的对象 
  * @param offset the offset of the long field within <code>obj</code>.
  *        <code>obj</code>中long型field的偏移量
  * @param expect the expected value of the field.
  *        但愿field中存在的值
  * @param update the new value of the field if it equals <code>expect</code>.
  *        若是指望值expect与field的当前值相同,设置filed的值为这个新值
  * @return true if the field was changed.
  *       若是field的值被更改
  */
public native boolean compareAndSwapLong(Object obj, long offset,
                      long expect, long update);
  /***
  * Compares the value of the object field at the specified offset
  * in the supplied object with the given expected value, and updates
  * it if they match. The operation of this method should be atomic,
  * thus providing an uninterruptible way of updating an object field.
  * 在obj的offset位置比较object field和指望的值,若是相同则更新。这个方法
  * 的操做应该是原子的,所以提供了一种不可中断的方式更新object field。
  * 
  * @param obj the object containing the field to modify.
  *   包含要修改field的对象 
  * @param offset the offset of the object field within <code>obj</code>.
  *     <code>obj</code>中object型field的偏移量
  * @param expect the expected value of the field.
  *        但愿field中存在的值
  * @param update the new value of the field if it equals <code>expect</code>.
  *        若是指望值expect与field的当前值相同,设置filed的值为这个新值
  * @return true if the field was changed.
  *       若是field的值被更改
  */
public native boolean compareAndSwapObject(Object obj, long offset,
                       Object expect, Object update);
  /***
  * Sets the value of the integer field at the specified offset in the
  * supplied object to the given value. This is an ordered or lazy
  * version of <code>putIntVolatile(Object,long,int)</code>, which
  * doesn't guarantee the immediate visibility of the change to other
  * threads. It is only really useful where the integer field is
  * <code>volatile</code>, and is thus expected to change unexpectedly.
  * 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的整型field的值为指定值。这是一个有序或者
  * 有延迟的<code>putIntVolatile</cdoe>方法,而且不保证值的改变被其余线程立
  * 即看到。只有在field被<code>volatile</code>修饰而且指望被意外修改的时候
  * 使用才有用。
  * 
  * @param obj the object containing the field to modify.
  *   包含须要修改field的对象
  * @param offset the offset of the integer field within <code>obj</code>.
  *    <code>obj</code>中整型field的偏移量
  * @param value the new value of the field.
  *    field将被设置的新值
  * @see #putIntVolatile(Object,long,int)
  */
public native void putOrderedInt(Object obj, long offset, int value);
  /***
  * Sets the value of the long field at the specified offset in the
  * supplied object to the given value. This is an ordered or lazy
  * version of <code>putLongVolatile(Object,long,long)</code>, which
  * doesn't guarantee the immediate visibility of the change to other
  * threads. It is only really useful where the long field is
  * <code>volatile</code>, and is thus expected to change unexpectedly.
  * 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的long型field的值为指定值。这是一个有序或者
  * 有延迟的<code>putLongVolatile</cdoe>方法,而且不保证值的改变被其余线程立
  * 即看到。只有在field被<code>volatile</code>修饰而且指望被意外修改的时候
  * 使用才有用。
  * 
  * @param obj the object containing the field to modify.
  *   包含须要修改field的对象
  * @param offset the offset of the long field within <code>obj</code>.
  *    <code>obj</code>中long型field的偏移量
  * @param value the new value of the field.
  *    field将被设置的新值
  * @see #putLongVolatile(Object,long,long)
  */
public native void putOrderedLong(Object obj, long offset, long value);
  /***
  * Sets the value of the object field at the specified offset in the
  * supplied object to the given value. This is an ordered or lazy
  * version of <code>putObjectVolatile(Object,long,Object)</code>, which
  * doesn't guarantee the immediate visibility of the change to other
  * threads. It is only really useful where the object field is
  * <code>volatile</code>, and is thus expected to change unexpectedly.
  * 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的object型field的值为指定值。这是一个有序或者
  * 有延迟的<code>putObjectVolatile</cdoe>方法,而且不保证值的改变被其余线程立
  * 即看到。只有在field被<code>volatile</code>修饰而且指望被意外修改的时候
  * 使用才有用。
  *
  * @param obj the object containing the field to modify.
  *   包含须要修改field的对象
  * @param offset the offset of the object field within <code>obj</code>.
  *    <code>obj</code>中long型field的偏移量
  * @param value the new value of the field.
  *    field将被设置的新值
  */
public native void putOrderedObject(Object obj, long offset, Object value);
  /***
  * Sets the value of the integer field at the specified offset in the
  * supplied object to the given value, with volatile store semantics.
  * 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的整型field的值为指定值。支持volatile store语义
  * 
  * @param obj the object containing the field to modify.
  *   包含须要修改field的对象
  * @param offset the offset of the integer field within <code>obj</code>.
  *    <code>obj</code>中整型field的偏移量
  * @param value the new value of the field.
  *    field将被设置的新值
  */
public native void putIntVolatile(Object obj, long offset, int value);
  /***
  * Retrieves the value of the integer field at the specified offset in the
  * supplied object with volatile load semantics.
  * 获取obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的整型field的值,支持volatile load语义。
  * 
  * @param obj the object containing the field to read.
  *   包含须要去读取的field的对象
  * @param offset the offset of the integer field within <code>obj</code>.
  *    <code>obj</code>中整型field的偏移量
  */
public native int getIntVolatile(Object obj, long offset);
  /***
  * Sets the value of the long field at the specified offset in the
  * supplied object to the given value, with volatile store semantics.
  * 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的long型field的值为指定值。支持volatile store语义
  *
  * @param obj the object containing the field to modify.
  *      包含须要修改field的对象
  * @param offset the offset of the long field within <code>obj</code>.
  *        <code>obj</code>中long型field的偏移量
  * @param value the new value of the field.
  *       field将被设置的新值
  * @see #putLong(Object,long,long)
  */
public native void putLongVolatile(Object obj, long offset, long value);
  /***
  * Sets the value of the long field at the specified offset in the
  * supplied object to the given value.
  * 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的long型field的值为指定值。
  * 
  * @param obj the object containing the field to modify.
  *   包含须要修改field的对象
  * @param offset the offset of the long field within <code>obj</code>.
  *   <code>obj</code>中long型field的偏移量
  * @param value the new value of the field.
  *   field将被设置的新值
  * @see #putLongVolatile(Object,long,long)
  */
public native void putLong(Object obj, long offset, long value);
  /***
  * Retrieves the value of the long field at the specified offset in the
  * supplied object with volatile load semantics.
  * 获取obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的long型field的值,支持volatile load语义。
  * 
  * @param obj the object containing the field to read.
  *   包含须要去读取的field的对象
  * @param offset the offset of the long field within <code>obj</code>.
  *    <code>obj</code>中long型field的偏移量
  * @see #getLong(Object,long)
  */
public native long getLongVolatile(Object obj, long offset);
  /***
  * Retrieves the value of the long field at the specified offset in the
  * supplied object.
  * 获取obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的long型field的值
  * 
  * @param obj the object containing the field to read.
  *   包含须要去读取的field的对象
  * @param offset the offset of the long field within <code>obj</code>.
  *    <code>obj</code>中long型field的偏移量
  * @see #getLongVolatile(Object,long)
  */
public native long getLong(Object obj, long offset);
  /***
  * Sets the value of the object field at the specified offset in the
  * supplied object to the given value, with volatile store semantics.
  * 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的object型field的值为指定值。支持volatile store语义
  * 
  * @param obj the object containing the field to modify.
  *   包含须要修改field的对象
  * @param offset the offset of the object field within <code>obj</code>.
  *   <code>obj</code>中object型field的偏移量
  * @param value the new value of the field.
  *    field将被设置的新值
  * @see #putObject(Object,long,Object)
  */
public native void putObjectVolatile(Object obj, long offset, Object value);
  /***
  * Sets the value of the object field at the specified offset in the
  * supplied object to the given value.
  * 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的object型field的值为指定值。
  * 
  * @param obj the object containing the field to modify.
  *   包含须要修改field的对象
  * @param offset the offset of the object field within <code>obj</code>.
  *   <code>obj</code>中object型field的偏移量
  * @param value the new value of the field.
  *    field将被设置的新值
  * @see #putObjectVolatile(Object,long,Object)
  */
public native void putObject(Object obj, long offset, Object value);
  /***
  * Retrieves the value of the object field at the specified offset in the
  * supplied object with volatile load semantics.
  * 获取obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的object型field的值,支持volatile load语义。
  * 
  * @param obj the object containing the field to read.
  *   包含须要去读取的field的对象
  * @param offset the offset of the object field within <code>obj</code>.
  *    <code>obj</code>中object型field的偏移量
  */
public native Object getObjectVolatile(Object obj, long offset);
  /***
  * Returns the offset of the first element for a given array class.
  * To access elements of the array class, this value may be used along with
  * with that returned by 
  * <a #arrayIndexScale"$amp;>amp;$lt;code>arrayIndexScale</code$amp;>amp;$lt;/a>,
  * if non-zero.
  * 获取给定数组中第一个元素的偏移地址。
  * 为了存取数组中的元素,这个偏移地址与<a #arrayIndexScale"$amp;>amp;$lt;code>arrayIndexScale
  * </code$amp;>amp;$lt;/a>方法的非0返回值一块儿被使用。
  * @param arrayClass the class for which the first element's address should
  *          be obtained.
  *          第一个元素地址被获取的class
  * @return the offset of the first element of the array class.
  *   数组第一个元素 的偏移地址
  * @see arrayIndexScale(Class)
  */
public native int arrayBaseOffset(Class arrayClass);
  /***
  * Returns the scale factor used for addressing elements of the supplied
  * array class. Where a suitable scale factor can not be returned (e.g.
  * for primitive types), zero should be returned. The returned value
  * can be used with 
  * <a #arrayBaseOffset"$amp;>amp;$lt;code>arrayBaseOffset</code$amp;>amp;$lt;/a>
  * to access elements of the class.
  * 获取用户给定数组寻址的换算因子.一个合适的换算因子不能返回的时候(例如:基本类型),
  * 返回0.这个返回值可以与<a #arrayBaseOffset"$amp;>amp;$lt;code>arrayBaseOffset</code>
  * </a>一块儿使用去存取这个数组class中的元素
  * 
  * @param arrayClass the class whose scale factor should be returned.
  * @return the scale factor, or zero if not supported for this array class.
  */
public native int arrayIndexScale(Class arrayClass);

/***
  * Releases the block on a thread created by 
  * <a #park"$amp;>amp;$lt;code>park</code$amp;>amp;$lt;/a>. This method can also be used
  * to terminate a blockage caused by a prior call to <code>park</code>.
  * This operation is unsafe, as the thread must be guaranteed to be
  * live. This is true of Java, but not native code.
  * 释放被<a #park"$amp;>amp;$lt;code>park</code$amp;>amp;$lt;/a>建立的在一个线程上的阻塞.这个
  * 方法也能够被使用来终止一个先前调用<code>park</code>致使的阻塞.
  * 这个操做操做时不安全的,所以线程必须保证是活的.这是java代码不是native代码。
  * @param thread the thread to unblock.
  *      要解除阻塞的线程
  */
public native void unpark(Thread thread);
  /***
  * Blocks the thread until a matching 
  * <a #unpark"$amp;>amp;$lt;code>unpark</code$amp;>amp;$lt;/a> occurs, the thread is
  * interrupted or the optional timeout expires. If an <code>unpark</code>
  * call has already occurred, this also counts. A timeout value of zero
  * is defined as no timeout. When <code>isAbsolute</code> is
  * <code>true</code>, the timeout is in milliseconds relative to the
  * epoch. Otherwise, the value is the number of nanoseconds which must
  * occur before timeout. This call may also return spuriously (i.e.
  * for no apparent reason).
  * 阻塞一个线程直到<a #unpark"$amp;>amp;$lt;code>unpark</code$amp;>amp;$lt;/a>出现、线程
  * 被中断或者timeout时间到期。若是一个<code>unpark</code>调用已经出现了,
  * 这里只计数。timeout为0表示永不过时.当<code>isAbsolute</code>为true时,
  * timeout是相对于新纪元以后的毫秒。不然这个值就是超时前的纳秒数。这个方法执行时
  * 也可能不合理地返回(没有具体缘由)
  * 
  * @param isAbsolute true if the timeout is specified in milliseconds from
  *          the epoch.
  *          若是为true timeout的值是一个相对于新纪元以后的毫秒数
  * @param time either the number of nanoseconds to wait, or a time in
  *       milliseconds from the epoch to wait for.
  *       能够是一个要等待的纳秒数,或者是一个相对于新纪元以后的毫秒数直到
  *       到达这个时间点
  */
public native void park(boolean isAbsolute, long time);
}
  //下面是su源码
  #include <gcj/cni.h>
  #include <gcj/field.h>
  #include <gcj/javaprims.h>
  #include <jvm.h>
  #include <sun/misc/Unsafe.h>
  #include <java/lang/System.h>
  #include <java/lang/InterruptedException.h>
  #include <java/lang/Thread.h>
  #include <java/lang/Long.h>
  #include "sysdep/locks.h"
  // Use a spinlock for multi-word accesses
  class spinlock
  {
  static volatile obj_addr_t lock;
  public:
  spinlock ()
  {
  while (! compare_and_swap (&lock, 0, 1))
  _Jv_ThreadYield ();
  }
  ~spinlock ()
  {
  release_set (&lock, 0);
  }
  };
  // This is a single lock that is used for all synchronized accesses if
  // the compiler can't generate inline compare-and-swap operations. In
  // most cases it'll never be used, but the i386 needs it for 64-bit
  // locked accesses and so does PPC32. It's worth building libgcj with
  // target=i486 (or above) to get the inlines.
  volatile obj_addr_t spinlock::lock;
  static inline bool
  compareAndSwap (volatile jint *addr, jint old, jint new_val)
  {
  jboolean result = false;
  spinlock lock;
  if ((result = (*addr == old)))
  *addr = new_val;
  return result;
  }
  static inline bool
  compareAndSwap (volatile jlong *addr, jlong old, jlong new_val)
  {
  jboolean result = false;
  spinlock lock;
  if ((result = (*addr == old)))
  *addr = new_val;
  return result;
  }
  static inline bool
  compareAndSwap (volatile jobject *addr, jobject old, jobject new_val)
  {
  jboolean result = false;
  spinlock lock;
  if ((result = (*addr == old)))
  *addr = new_val;
  return result;
  }
  jlong
  sun::misc::Unsafe::objectFieldOffset (::java::lang::reflect::Field *field)
  {
  _Jv_Field *fld = _Jv_FromReflectedField (field);
  // FIXME: what if it is not an instance field
  return fld->getOffset();
  }
  jint
  sun::misc::Unsafe::arrayBaseOffset (jclass arrayClass)
  {
  // FIXME: assert that arrayClass is array.
  jclass eltClass = arrayClass->getComponentType();
  return (jint)(jlong) _Jv_GetArrayElementFromElementType (NULL, eltClass);
  }
  jint
  sun::misc::Unsafe::arrayIndexScale (jclass arrayClass)
  {
  // FIXME: assert that arrayClass is array.
  jclass eltClass = arrayClass->getComponentType();
  if (eltClass->isPrimitive())
  return eltClass->size();
  return sizeof (void *);
  }
  // These methods are used when the compiler fails to generate inline
  // versions of the compare-and-swap primitives.
  jboolean
  sun::misc::Unsafe::compareAndSwapInt (jobject obj, jlong offset,
  jint expect, jint update)
  {
  jint *addr = (jint *)((char *)obj + offset);
  return compareAndSwap (addr, expect, update);
  }
  jboolean
  sun::misc::Unsafe::compareAndSwapLong (jobject obj, jlong offset,
  jlong expect, jlong update)
  {
  volatile jlong *addr = (jlong*)((char *) obj + offset);
  return compareAndSwap (addr, expect, update);
  }
  jboolean
  sun::misc::Unsafe::compareAndSwapObject (jobject obj, jlong offset,
  jobject expect, jobject update)
  {
  jobject *addr = (jobject*)((char *) obj + offset);
  return compareAndSwap (addr, expect, update);
  }
  void
  sun::misc::Unsafe::putOrderedInt (jobject obj, jlong offset, jint value)
  {
  volatile jint *addr = (jint *) ((char *) obj + offset);
  *addr = value;
  }
  void
  sun::misc::Unsafe::putOrderedLong (jobject obj, jlong offset, jlong value)
  {
  volatile jlong *addr = (jlong *) ((char *) obj + offset);
  spinlock lock;
  *addr = value;
  }
  void
  sun::misc::Unsafe::putOrderedObject (jobject obj, jlong offset, jobject value)
  {
  volatile jobject *addr = (jobject *) ((char *) obj + offset);
  *addr = value;
  }
  void
  sun::misc::Unsafe::putIntVolatile (jobject obj, jlong offset, jint value)
  {
  write_barrier ();
  volatile jint *addr = (jint *) ((char *) obj + offset);
  *addr = value;
  }
  void
  sun::misc::Unsafe::putLongVolatile (jobject obj, jlong offset, jlong value)
  {
  volatile jlong *addr = (jlong *) ((char *) obj + offset);
  spinlock lock;
  *addr = value;
  }
  void
  sun::misc::Unsafe::putObjectVolatile (jobject obj, jlong offset, jobject value)
  {
  write_barrier ();
  volatile jobject *addr = (jobject *) ((char *) obj + offset);
  *addr = value;
  }
  #if 0 // FIXME
  void
  sun::misc::Unsafe::putInt (jobject obj, jlong offset, jint value)
  {
  jint *addr = (jint *) ((char *) obj + offset);
  *addr = value;
  }
  #endif
  void
  sun::misc::Unsafe::putLong (jobject obj, jlong offset, jlong value)
  {
  jlong *addr = (jlong *) ((char *) obj + offset);
  spinlock lock;
  *addr = value;
  }
  void
  sun::misc::Unsafe::putObject (jobject obj, jlong offset, jobject value)
  {
  jobject *addr = (jobject *) ((char *) obj + offset);
  *addr = value;
  }
  jint
  sun::misc::Unsafe::getIntVolatile (jobject obj, jlong offset)
  {
  volatile jint *addr = (jint *) ((char *) obj + offset);
  jint result = *addr;
  read_barrier ();
  return result;
  }
  jobject
  sun::misc::Unsafe::getObjectVolatile (jobject obj, jlong offset)
  {
  volatile jobject *addr = (jobject *) ((char *) obj + offset);
  jobject result = *addr;
  read_barrier ();
  return result;
  }
  jlong
  sun::misc::Unsafe::getLong (jobject obj, jlong offset)
  {
  jlong *addr = (jlong *) ((char *) obj + offset);
  spinlock lock;
  return *addr;
  }
  jlong
  sun::misc::Unsafe::getLongVolatile (jobject obj, jlong offset)
  {
  volatile jlong *addr = (jlong *) ((char *) obj + offset);
  spinlock lock;
  return *addr;
  }
  void
  sun::misc::Unsafe::unpark (::java::lang::Thread *thread)
  {
  natThread *nt = (natThread *) thread->data;
  nt->park_helper.unpark ();
  }
  void
  sun::misc::Unsafe::park (jboolean isAbsolute, jlong time)
  {
  using namespace ::java::lang;
  Thread *thread = Thread::currentThread();
  natThread *nt = (natThread *) thread->data;
  nt->park_helper.park (isAbsolute, time);
  }

  * 若是您有不一样看法或发现错误,欢迎讨论或指出。qq:294016299c++

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