不识Netty真面目，只缘未读此真经
Netty官网：https://netty.io/java
Netty is an asynchronous event-driven network application framework for rapid development of maintainable high performance protocol servers & clients.react
Java技术栈方向的朋友应该或多或少都据说过Netty是对Java中nio ( Non Blocking IO )的封装，让咱们能快速开发出性能更高、扩展性更好的网络应用程序。那么Netty究竟对nio作了怎样的封装呢？本文主要从源码角度揭开这层面纱。ios
源码追踪中，我使用阿里的语雀产品的思惟图记录主要方法调用，上面的图片是部分截图，完整原貌见：git
https://www.yuque.com/docs/share/02fa3e3d-d485-48e1-9cfe-6722a3ad8915github
预备知识
在初探Netty源码以前，至少须要理解Reactor Pattern、java.nio基本使用、Netty基本使用，这样后面才能把Netty的源码与java.nio对比着来看。编程
Reactor Pattern
不识Netty真面目，只缘未读此真经。Doug Lea (java.util.concurrent包的做者) 在《Scalable IO in Java》中按部就班地分析了如何构建可伸缩的高性能IO服务以及服务模型的演变与进化。文中描述的Reactor Pattern，也被Netty等大多数高性能IO服务框架所借鉴。所以仔细阅读《Scalable IO in Java》有助于更好地理解Netty框架的架构与设计。详情见：bootstrap
http://gee.cs.oswego.edu/dl/cpjslides/nio.pdfapi
传统的服务模式
Server端为每个Client端的链接请求都开启一个独立线程，也就是所谓的BIO (Blocking IO)，即java.net.ServerSocket包下api的使用。
promise
基于事件驱动模式
Reactor模式
Reactor responds to IO events by dispatching the appropriate handler (Similar to AWT thread)bash
Handlers perform non-blocking actions (Similar to AWT ActionListeners)
Manage by binding handlers to events (Similar to AWT addActionListener)
(1) 单线程版本
(2) 多线程版本
(3) 多Reactor版本 (一主多从、多主多从)
Netty正是借鉴了这种多Reactor版本的设计。
快速上手java.nio
- Channels：Connections to files, sockets etc that support non-blocking reads
- Buffers：Array-like objects that can be directly read or written by Channels
- Selectors：Tell which of a set of Channels have IO events
- SelectionKeys：Maintain IO event status and bindings
注意：如下Demo仅专一于主逻辑，没有处理异常，也没有关闭资源。
Server端
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.channels.SelectionKey;
import java.nio.channels.Selector;
import java.nio.channels.ServerSocketChannel;
import java.nio.channels.SocketChannel;
import java.nio.channels.spi.SelectorProvider;
import java.util.Iterator;
public class NIOServer {
private static final SelectorProvider DEFAULT_SELECTOR_PROVIDER = SelectorProvider.provider();
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
// ServerSocketChannel.open()
ServerSocketChannel serverSocketChannel = DEFAULT_SELECTOR_PROVIDER.openServerSocketChannel();
serverSocketChannel.configureBlocking(false);
serverSocketChannel.socket().bind(new InetSocketAddress(8080));
// Selector.open()
Selector selector = DEFAULT_SELECTOR_PROVIDER.openSelector();
// register this serverSocketChannel with the selector
serverSocketChannel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);
// selector.select()
while (!Thread.interrupted()) {
selector.select();
Iterator<SelectionKey> it = selector.selectedKeys().iterator();
while (it.hasNext()) {
SelectionKey key = it.next();
it.remove();
// handle IO events
handle(key);
}
}
}
private static void handle(SelectionKey key) throws IOException {
if (key.isAcceptable()) {
ServerSocketChannel serverSocketChannel = (ServerSocketChannel) key.channel();
SocketChannel socketChannel = serverSocketChannel.accept();
socketChannel.configureBlocking(false);
socketChannel.register(key.selector(), SelectionKey.OP_READ);
} else if (key.isReadable()) {
SocketChannel socketChannel = (SocketChannel) key.channel();
// read client data
ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);
int len = socketChannel.read(buffer);
if (len != -1) {
String msg = String.format("recv client[%s] data：%s", socketChannel.getRemoteAddress(),
new String(buffer.array(), 0, len));
System.out.println(msg);
}
// response client
ByteBuffer data = ByteBuffer.wrap("Hello, NIOClient!".getBytes());
socketChannel.write(data);
key.interestOps(SelectionKey.OP_READ | SelectionKey.OP_WRITE);
} else if (key.isWritable()) {
// ...
}
}
}
Client端
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.channels.SelectionKey;
import java.nio.channels.Selector;
import java.nio.channels.SocketChannel;
import java.nio.channels.spi.SelectorProvider;
import java.util.Iterator;
public class NIOClient {
private static final SelectorProvider DEFAULT_SELECTOR_PROVIDER = SelectorProvider.provider();
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
// SocketChannel.open()
SocketChannel socketChannel = DEFAULT_SELECTOR_PROVIDER.openSocketChannel();
socketChannel.configureBlocking(false);
socketChannel.connect(new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", 8080));
// Selector.open()
Selector selector = DEFAULT_SELECTOR_PROVIDER.openSelector();
// register this socketChannel with the selector
socketChannel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_CONNECT);
// selector.select()
while (!Thread.interrupted()) {
selector.select();
Iterator<SelectionKey> it = selector.selectedKeys().iterator();
while (it.hasNext()) {
SelectionKey key = it.next();
it.remove();
// handle IO events
if (key.isConnectable()) {
SocketChannel channel = (SocketChannel) key.channel();
if (channel.isConnectionPending()) {
channel.finishConnect();
}
channel.configureBlocking(false);
// request server
ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.wrap("Hello, NIOServer!".getBytes());
channel.write(buffer);
channel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_READ);
} else if (key.isReadable()) {
SocketChannel channel = (SocketChannel) key.channel();
// read server data
ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);
int len = channel.read(buffer);
if (len != -1) {
String msg = String.format("recv server[%s] data：%s", channel.getRemoteAddress(),
new String(buffer.array(), 0, len));
System.out.println(msg);
}
}
}
}
}
}
快速上手Netty
更多官方example，请参考：
https://github.com/netty/netty/tree/4.1/example/
Server端
import io.netty.bootstrap.ServerBootstrap;
import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled;
import io.netty.channel.*;
import io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.socket.SocketChannel;
import io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioServerSocketChannel;
import io.netty.util.CharsetUtil;
public class NettyServer {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
EventLoopGroup bossGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup(1);
EventLoopGroup workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();
try {
ServerBootstrap bootstrap = new ServerBootstrap()
.group(bossGroup, workerGroup)
.channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)
.option(ChannelOption.SO_BACKLOG, 1024)
.childHandler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
@Override
protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) {
ch.pipeline().addLast(new NettyServerHandler());
}
});
ChannelFuture cf = bootstrap.bind(8080).sync();
cf.channel().closeFuture().sync();
} finally {
bossGroup.shutdownGracefully();
workerGroup.shutdownGracefully();
}
}
static class NettyServerHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
@Override
public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) {
String message = String.format("recv client[%s] data：%s", ctx.channel().remoteAddress(),
((ByteBuf) msg).toString(CharsetUtil.UTF_8));
System.out.println(message);
}
@Override
public void channelReadComplete(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) {
ByteBuf buf = Unpooled.copiedBuffer("Hello, NettyClient!".getBytes(CharsetUtil.UTF_8));
ctx.writeAndFlush(buf);
}
@Override
public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) {
cause.printStackTrace();
ctx.close();
}
}
}
Client端
import io.netty.bootstrap.Bootstrap;
import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled;
import io.netty.channel.*;
import io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.socket.SocketChannel;
import io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioSocketChannel;
import io.netty.util.CharsetUtil;
public class NettyClient {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
EventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup(1);
try {
Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap()
.group(group)
.channel(NioSocketChannel.class)
.handler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
@Override
protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) {
ch.pipeline().addLast(new NettyClientHandler());
}
});
ChannelFuture cf = bootstrap.connect("127.0.0.1", 8080).sync();
cf.channel().closeFuture().sync();
} finally {
group.shutdownGracefully();
}
}
static class NettyClientHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
@Override
public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) {
ByteBuf buf = Unpooled.copiedBuffer("Hello, NettyServer!".getBytes(CharsetUtil.UTF_8));
ctx.writeAndFlush(buf);
}
@Override
public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) {
String message = String.format("recv server[%s] data：%s", ctx.channel().remoteAddress(),
((ByteBuf) msg).toString(CharsetUtil.UTF_8));
System.out.println(message);
}
@Override
public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) {
cause.printStackTrace();
ctx.close();
}
}
}
源码追踪
建议跟着我画的源码走向图，跟下面的内容，最好也开着debug模式，不理解的地方调试几遍。这里再次贴一下连接：
https://www.yuque.com/docs/share/02fa3e3d-d485-48e1-9cfe-6722a3ad8915
注意：追踪的是当前最新release的 4.1.58.Final 版本的源码。
<dependency> <groupId>io.netty</groupId> <artifactId>netty-all</artifactId> <version>4.1.58.Final</version> </dependency>
本文出自 行无际的博客 ：
https://www.cnblogs.com/itwild/
关键类
下面先重点看几个关键类的大体状况，方便咱们读代码 。由于面向抽象编程，若是对常见类的继承层次一点不了解，读代码的过程会让人崩溃。你懂的！！！
NioEventLoopGroup
类定义：
io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup
/**
* {@link MultithreadEventLoopGroup} implementations which is used for NIO {@link Selector} based {@link Channel}s.
*/
public class NioEventLoopGroup extends MultithreadEventLoopGroup
类图：
NioEventLoop
类定义：
io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoop
/**
* {@link SingleThreadEventLoop} implementation which register the {@link Channel}'s to a
* {@link Selector} and so does the multi-plexing of these in the event loop.
*
*/
public final class NioEventLoop extends SingleThreadEventLoop
类图：
NioServerSocketChannel
类定义：
io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioServerSocketChannel
/**
* A {@link io.netty.channel.socket.ServerSocketChannel} implementation which uses
* NIO selector based implementation to accept new connections.
*/
public class NioServerSocketChannel extends AbstractNioMessageChannel
implements io.netty.channel.socket.ServerSocketChannel
类图：
NioSocketChannel
类定义：
io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioSocketChannel
/**
* {@link io.netty.channel.socket.SocketChannel} which uses NIO selector based implementation.
*/
public class NioSocketChannel extends AbstractNioByteChannel
implements io.netty.channel.socket.SocketChannel
类图：
ChannelInitializer
类定义：
io.netty.channel.ChannelInitializer
/**
* A special {@link ChannelInboundHandler} which offers an easy way to initialize a {@link Channel} once it was
* registered to its {@link EventLoop}.
*
* Implementations are most often used in the context of {@link Bootstrap#handler(ChannelHandler)} ,
* {@link ServerBootstrap#handler(ChannelHandler)} and {@link ServerBootstrap#childHandler(ChannelHandler)} to
* setup the {@link ChannelPipeline} of a {@link Channel}.
*
* <pre>
*
* public class MyChannelInitializer extends {@link ChannelInitializer} {
* public void initChannel({@link Channel} channel) {
* channel.pipeline().addLast("myHandler", new MyHandler());
* }
* }
*
* {@link ServerBootstrap} bootstrap = ...;
* ...
* bootstrap.childHandler(new MyChannelInitializer());
* ...
* </pre>
* Be aware that this class is marked as {@link Sharable} and so the implementation must be safe to be re-used.
*
* @param <C> A sub-type of {@link Channel}
*/
@Sharable
public abstract class ChannelInitializer<C extends Channel> extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter
类图：
ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter
类定义：
io.netty.channel.ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter
/**
* Abstract base class for {@link ChannelInboundHandler} implementations which provide
* implementations of all of their methods.
*
* <p>
* This implementation just forward the operation to the next {@link ChannelHandler} in the
* {@link ChannelPipeline}. Sub-classes may override a method implementation to change this.
* </p>
* <p>
* Be aware that messages are not released after the {@link #channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext, Object)}
* method returns automatically. If you are looking for a {@link ChannelInboundHandler} implementation that
* releases the received messages automatically, please see {@link SimpleChannelInboundHandler}.
* </p>
*/
public class ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter extends ChannelHandlerAdapter implements ChannelInboundHandler
类图：
ServerBootstrap
类定义：
io.netty.bootstrap.ServerBootstrap
/**
* {@link Bootstrap} sub-class which allows easy bootstrap of {@link ServerChannel}
*
*/
public class ServerBootstrap extends AbstractBootstrap<ServerBootstrap, ServerChannel>
类图：
Bootstrap
类定义：
io.netty.bootstrap.Bootstrap
/**
* A {@link Bootstrap} that makes it easy to bootstrap a {@link Channel} to use
* for clients.
*
* <p>The {@link #bind()} methods are useful in combination with connectionless transports such as datagram (UDP).
* For regular TCP connections, please use the provided {@link #connect()} methods.</p>
*/
public class Bootstrap extends AbstractBootstrap<Bootstrap, Channel>
类图：
Server端启动过程
下面就正式开始追源码。
建立Selector
Selector的建立起于这行代码EventLoopGroup bossGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup(1)
io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup
/**
* Create a new instance using the specified number of threads, {@link ThreadFactory} and the
* {@link SelectorProvider} which is returned by {@link SelectorProvider#provider()}.
*/
public NioEventLoopGroup(int nThreads) {
this(nThreads, (Executor) null);
}
public NioEventLoopGroup(int nThreads, Executor executor) {
this(nThreads, executor, SelectorProvider.provider());
}
这里咱们看到了熟悉的SelectorProvider.provider()，若是以为陌生，建议回到上面快速上手java.nio的代码。
往里面追几层，就到了NioEventLoopGroup的父类 MultithreadEventExecutorGroup 。
io.netty.util.concurrent.MultithreadEventExecutorGroup
protected MultithreadEventExecutorGroup(int nThreads, Executor executor,
EventExecutorChooserFactory chooserFactory, Object... args) {
if (executor == null) {
executor = new ThreadPerTaskExecutor(newDefaultThreadFactory());
}
children = new EventExecutor[nThreads];
for (int i = 0; i < nThreads; i ++) {
children[i] = newChild(executor, args);
}
}
注意： 建立NioEventLoopGroup(int nThreads)时的参数nThreads就传到了上面代码中的children = new EventExecutor[nThreads]。看newChild(executor, args)作了什么。
io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup
@Override
protected EventLoop newChild(Executor executor, Object... args) throws Exception {
EventLoopTaskQueueFactory queueFactory = args.length == 4 ? (EventLoopTaskQueueFactory) args[3] : null;
return new NioEventLoop(this, executor, (SelectorProvider) args[0],
((SelectStrategyFactory) args[1]).newSelectStrategy(), (RejectedExecutionHandler) args[2], queueFactory);
}
io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoop
NioEventLoop(NioEventLoopGroup parent, Executor executor, SelectorProvider selectorProvider,
SelectStrategy strategy, RejectedExecutionHandler rejectedExecutionHandler,
EventLoopTaskQueueFactory queueFactory) {
super(parent, executor, false, newTaskQueue(queueFactory), newTaskQueue(queueFactory),
rejectedExecutionHandler);
this.provider = ObjectUtil.checkNotNull(selectorProvider, "selectorProvider");
this.selectStrategy = ObjectUtil.checkNotNull(strategy, "selectStrategy");
final SelectorTuple selectorTuple = openSelector();
this.selector = selectorTuple.selector;
this.unwrappedSelector = selectorTuple.unwrappedSelector;
}
Selector的建立就发生在这行代码final SelectorTuple selectorTuple = openSelector();进去看看。
io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoop
private SelectorTuple openSelector() {
final Selector unwrappedSelector;
try {
unwrappedSelector = provider.openSelector();
} catch (IOException e) {
throw new ChannelException("failed to open a new selector", e);
}
if (DISABLE_KEY_SET_OPTIMIZATION) {
return new SelectorTuple(unwrappedSelector);
}
// 省略其余代码...
return new SelectorTuple(unwrappedSelector,
new SelectedSelectionKeySetSelector(unwrappedSelector, selectedKeySet));
}
这里咱们看到了provider.openSelector()，到这里，建立出来的Selector就与 EventLoop 关联在一块儿了。
同时在建立NioEventLoop时，看看super(parent, executor, false, newTaskQueue(queueFactory), ...)在父类SingleThreadEventLoop干了什么。
io.netty.channel.SingleThreadEventLoop
protected SingleThreadEventLoop(EventLoopGroup parent, Executor executor,
boolean addTaskWakesUp, Queue<Runnable> taskQueue, Queue<Runnable> tailTaskQueue,
RejectedExecutionHandler rejectedExecutionHandler) {
super(parent, executor, addTaskWakesUp, taskQueue, rejectedExecutionHandler);
tailTasks = ObjectUtil.checkNotNull(tailTaskQueue, "tailTaskQueue");
}
再往下;
io.netty.util.concurrent.SingleThreadEventExecutor
private final Queue<Runnable> taskQueue;
protected SingleThreadEventExecutor(EventExecutorGroup parent, Executor executor,
boolean addTaskWakesUp, Queue<Runnable> taskQueue,
RejectedExecutionHandler rejectedHandler) {
super(parent);
this.addTaskWakesUp = addTaskWakesUp;
this.maxPendingTasks = DEFAULT_MAX_PENDING_EXECUTOR_TASKS;
this.executor = ThreadExecutorMap.apply(executor, this);
this.taskQueue = ObjectUtil.checkNotNull(taskQueue, "taskQueue");
this.rejectedExecutionHandler = ObjectUtil.checkNotNull(rejectedHandler, "rejectedHandler");
}
这里咱们看到了对Queue<Runnable> taskQueue的赋值。
建立ServerSocketChannel
AbstractBootstrap中的initAndRegister()方法是ServerSocketChannel的建立入口。
io.netty.bootstrap.AbstractBootstrap
final ChannelFuture initAndRegister() {
Channel channel = null;
try {
// 1.建立ServerSocketChannel
channel = channelFactory.newChannel();
// 2.初始化ServerSocketChannel
init(channel);
} catch (Throwable t) {
}
// 3.将ServerSocketChannel注册到Selector上
ChannelFuture regFuture = config().group().register(channel);
return regFuture;
}
Server端的启动最核心的也就是上面加注释的三步。按照顺序先从ServerSocketChannel的建立讲起。
ServerSocketChannel的建立用了工厂模式+反射机制。具体见ReflectiveChannelFactory
io.netty.channel.ReflectiveChannelFactory
/**
* A {@link ChannelFactory} that instantiates a new {@link Channel} by invoking its default constructor reflectively.
*/
public class ReflectiveChannelFactory<T extends Channel> implements ChannelFactory<T> {
private final Constructor<? extends T> constructor;
public ReflectiveChannelFactory(Class<? extends T> clazz) {
this.constructor = clazz.getConstructor();
}
@Override
public T newChannel() {
return constructor.newInstance();
}
}
还记得在前面的bootstrap.channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)这行代码吗？传入的Class就是用于反射生成Channel实例的。这里是Server端，显然须要进NioServerSocketChannel看如何建立的。
io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioServerSocketChannel
private static final SelectorProvider DEFAULT_SELECTOR_PROVIDER = SelectorProvider.provider();
private static ServerSocketChannel newSocket(SelectorProvider provider) {
try {
/**
* Use the {@link SelectorProvider} to open {@link SocketChannel} and so remove condition in
* {@link SelectorProvider#provider()} which is called by each ServerSocketChannel.open() otherwise.
*
* See <a href="https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/2308">#2308</a>.
*/
return provider.openServerSocketChannel();
} catch (IOException e) {
throw new ChannelException(
"Failed to open a server socket.", e);
}
}
public NioServerSocketChannel() {
this(newSocket(DEFAULT_SELECTOR_PROVIDER));
}
public NioServerSocketChannel(ServerSocketChannel channel) {
super(null, channel, SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);
config = new NioServerSocketChannelConfig(this, javaChannel().socket());
}
provider.openServerSocketChannel()这行代码也就建立出来了ServerSocketChannel。再往父类里面追，看作了些什么。super(null, channel, SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);
io.netty.channel.nio.AbstractNioChannel
protected AbstractNioChannel(Channel parent, SelectableChannel ch, int readInterestOp) {
super(parent);
this.ch = ch;
this.readInterestOp = readInterestOp;
ch.configureBlocking(false);
}
this.readInterestOp = readInterestOp把感兴趣的操做赋值给readInterestOp，上面传过来的是SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT。
ch.configureBlocking(false)把刚才建立出来的channel设置为非阻塞。继续往父类追。
io.netty.channel.AbstractChannel
protected AbstractChannel(Channel parent) {
this.parent = parent;
id = newId();
unsafe = newUnsafe();
pipeline = newChannelPipeline();
}
protected DefaultChannelPipeline newChannelPipeline() {
return new DefaultChannelPipeline(this);
}
这里看到建立了ChannelPipeline，并关联到Channel上。再往下走一步。
io.netty.channel.DefaultChannelPipeline
protected DefaultChannelPipeline(Channel channel) {
this.channel = ObjectUtil.checkNotNull(channel, "channel");
succeededFuture = new SucceededChannelFuture(channel, null);
voidPromise = new VoidChannelPromise(channel, true);
tail = new TailContext(this);
head = new HeadContext(this);
head.next = tail;
tail.prev = head;
}
此时ChannelPipeline大体以下：
head --> tail
初始化ServerSocketChannel
回到上面提到的重要的第2步： init(channel); 注意，实现类为ServerBootstrap，由于是Server端嘛。
io.netty.bootstrap.ServerBootstrap
@Override
void init(Channel channel) {
ChannelPipeline p = channel.pipeline();
final EventLoopGroup currentChildGroup = childGroup;
final ChannelHandler currentChildHandler = childHandler;
p.addLast(new ChannelInitializer<Channel>() {
@Override
public void initChannel(final Channel ch) {
final ChannelPipeline pipeline = ch.pipeline();
ChannelHandler handler = config.handler();
if (handler != null) {
pipeline.addLast(handler);
}
ch.eventLoop().execute(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
pipeline.addLast(new ServerBootstrapAcceptor(
ch, currentChildGroup, currentChildHandler, currentChildOptions, currentChildAttrs));
}
});
}
});
}
在ChannelPipeline加了一个ChannelHandler。此时ChannelPipeline大体以下：
head --> ChannelInitializer --> tail
一旦serverSocketChannel注册到EventLoop(或者说Selector)上，便会触发这里initChannel的调用。避免绕晕了，这里暂时不去探究具体的调用逻辑。后面调用到这里的时候，再回过头来仔细探究。
ServerSocketChannel注册到Selector上
回到上面提到的重要的第3步：config().group().register(channel);
经过分析类的继承层次(或者debug也行)能够跟踪调用到SingleThreadEventLoop的register方法。
io.netty.channel.SingleThreadEventLoop
@Override
public ChannelFuture register(Channel channel) {
return register(new DefaultChannelPromise(channel, this));
}
@Override
public ChannelFuture register(final ChannelPromise promise) {
ObjectUtil.checkNotNull(promise, "promise");
promise.channel().unsafe().register(this, promise);
return promise;
}
再往下跟，最终调用的是AbstractChannel的register方法，以下：
io.netty.channel.AbstractChannel
@Override
public final void register(EventLoop eventLoop, final ChannelPromise promise) {
AbstractChannel.this.eventLoop = eventLoop;
eventLoop.execute(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
register0(promise);
}
});
}
往下跟eventLoop.execute()
io.netty.util.concurrent.SingleThreadEventExecutor
private void execute(Runnable task, boolean immediate) {
addTask(task);
startThread();
}
addTask(task)把上面的Runnable放入到上面提到的Queue<Runnable> taskQueue，过程见以下代码：
io.netty.util.concurrent.SingleThreadEventExecutor
/**
* Add a task to the task queue, or throws a {@link RejectedExecutionException} if this instance was shutdown
* before.
*/
protected void addTask(Runnable task) {
ObjectUtil.checkNotNull(task, "task");
if (!offerTask(task)) {
reject(task);
}
}
final boolean offerTask(Runnable task) {
if (isShutdown()) {
reject();
}
return taskQueue.offer(task);
}
把task放入taskQueue后，就到startThread()这行代码了，进去瞧瞧。
io.netty.util.concurrent.SingleThreadEventExecutor
private void startThread() {
doStartThread();
}
private void doStartThread() {
executor.execute(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
SingleThreadEventExecutor.this.run();
}
});
}
继续追executor.execute，到这里才真正建立新的线程执行SingleThreadEventExecutor.this.run(), thread名称大体为nioEventLoopGroup-2-1，见以下代码：
io.netty.util.concurrent.ThreadPerTaskExecutor
@Override
public void execute(Runnable command) {
threadFactory.newThread(command).start();
}
SingleThreadEventExecutor.this.run()实际执行的代码以下：
io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoop
@Override
protected void run() {
int selectCnt = 0;
for (;;) {
try {
int strategy;
try {
strategy = selectStrategy.calculateStrategy(selectNowSupplier, hasTasks());
switch (strategy) {
case SelectStrategy.CONTINUE:
continue;
case SelectStrategy.BUSY_WAIT:
// fall-through to SELECT since the busy-wait is not supported with NIO
case SelectStrategy.SELECT:
long curDeadlineNanos = nextScheduledTaskDeadlineNanos();
if (curDeadlineNanos == -1L) {
curDeadlineNanos = NONE; // nothing on the calendar
}
nextWakeupNanos.set(curDeadlineNanos);
try {
if (!hasTasks()) {
strategy = select(curDeadlineNanos);
}
} finally {
// This update is just to help block unnecessary selector wakeups
// so use of lazySet is ok (no race condition)
nextWakeupNanos.lazySet(AWAKE);
}
// fall through
default:
}
} catch (IOException e) {
// If we receive an IOException here its because the Selector is messed up. Let's rebuild
// the selector and retry. https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/8566
// ...
continue;
}
selectCnt++;
cancelledKeys = 0;
needsToSelectAgain = false;
final int ioRatio = this.ioRatio;
boolean ranTasks;
if (ioRatio == 100) {
try {
if (strategy > 0) {
processSelectedKeys();
}
} finally {
// Ensure we always run tasks.
ranTasks = runAllTasks();
}
} else if (strategy > 0) {
final long ioStartTime = System.nanoTime();
try {
processSelectedKeys();
} finally {
// Ensure we always run tasks.
final long ioTime = System.nanoTime() - ioStartTime;
ranTasks = runAllTasks(ioTime * (100 - ioRatio) / ioRatio);
}
} else {
ranTasks = runAllTasks(0); // This will run the minimum number of tasks
}
} finally {
// Always handle shutdown even if the loop processing threw an exception.
}
}
}
先简单解释一下上面的代码，部分细节后面再扣。run()方法里面是个死循环，大体是这样的，这里的描述并不彻底准确，是这么个意思，taskQueue里面若是有task，就不断poll执行队列里的task，具体见runAllTasks()；不然，就selector.select()，如有IO事件，则经过processSelectedKeys()来处理。
讲到这里，正好刚才不是往taskQueue里放了个Runnable吗，再贴一下上面那个Runnable的代码
new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
register0(promise);
}
};
因而就要执行Runnable里面register0(promise)了。
io.netty.channel.AbstractChannel
private void register0(ChannelPromise promise) {
//(1)把ServerSocketChannel注册到了Selector上
doRegister();
// Ensure we call handlerAdded(...) before we actually notify the promise. This is needed as the
// user may already fire events through the pipeline in the ChannelFutureListener.
//(2)触发pipeline中的ChannelHandler的handlerAdded()方法调用
pipeline.invokeHandlerAddedIfNeeded();
safeSetSuccess(promise);
//(3)触发pipeline中的ChannelInboundHandler的channelRegistered()方法调用
pipeline.fireChannelRegistered();
// Only fire a channelActive if the channel has never been registered. This prevents firing
// multiple channel actives if the channel is deregistered and re-registered.
if (isActive()) {
if (firstRegistration) {
pipeline.fireChannelActive();
} else if (config().isAutoRead()) {
// This channel was registered before and autoRead() is set. This means we need to begin read
// again so that we process inbound data.
//
// See https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/4805
beginRead();
}
}
}
上面我按照本身的理解，在代码中加了少量注释，下面按照我注释的顺序依次解释一下。
(1) doRegister()
io.netty.channel.nio.AbstractNioChannel
@Override
protected void doRegister() throws Exception {
boolean selected = false;
for (;;) {
selectionKey = javaChannel().register(eventLoop().unwrappedSelector(), 0, this);
return;
}
}
这里显然是把ServerSocketChannel注册到了Selector上。
(2) pipeline.invokeHandlerAddedIfNeeded()
做用：触发pipeline中的ChannelHandler的handlerAdded()方法调用
io.netty.channel.DefaultChannelPipeline
final void invokeHandlerAddedIfNeeded() {
if (firstRegistration) {
firstRegistration = false;
// We are now registered to the EventLoop. It's time to call the callbacks for the ChannelHandlers,
// that were added before the registration was done.
callHandlerAddedForAllHandlers();
}
}
上面的注释清晰地告诉咱们，如今ServerSocketChannel已经注册到EventLoop上，是时候该调用Pipeline中的ChannelHandlers。到这里，就能与上面初始化ServerSocketChannel对接起来了，猜想应该会触发上面的ChannelInitializer的调用。
io.netty.channel.DefaultChannelPipeline
private void callHandlerAddedForAllHandlers() {
final PendingHandlerCallback pendingHandlerCallbackHead;
synchronized (this) {
pendingHandlerCallbackHead = this.pendingHandlerCallbackHead;
// Null out so it can be GC'ed.
this.pendingHandlerCallbackHead = null;
}
// This must happen outside of the synchronized(...) block as otherwise handlerAdded(...) may be called while
// holding the lock and so produce a deadlock if handlerAdded(...) will try to add another handler from outside
// the EventLoop.
PendingHandlerCallback task = pendingHandlerCallbackHead;
while (task != null) {
task.execute();
task = task.next;
}
}
这里须要先解释一下为何又忽然冒出来PendingHandlerCallback。是这样的，在addLast(ChannelHandler... handlers)时，实际上调了下面的方法。
io.netty.channel.DefaultChannelPipeline
public final ChannelPipeline addLast(EventExecutorGroup group, String name, ChannelHandler handler) {
final AbstractChannelHandlerContext newCtx;
synchronized (this) {
newCtx = newContext(group, filterName(name, handler), handler);
addLast0(newCtx);
// If the registered is false it means that the channel was not registered on an eventLoop yet.
// In this case we add the context to the pipeline and add a task that will call
// ChannelHandler.handlerAdded(...) once the channel is registered.
if (!registered) {
newCtx.setAddPending();
callHandlerCallbackLater(newCtx, true);
return this;
}
EventExecutor executor = newCtx.executor();
if (!executor.inEventLoop()) {
callHandlerAddedInEventLoop(newCtx, executor);
return this;
}
}
callHandlerAdded0(newCtx);
return this;
}
看到上面的3行注释没有，就解释了上面的PendingHandlerCallback从哪里来的。翻译一下就是，在往Pipeline中添加ChannelHandler时，若是Channel尚未注册到EventLoop上，就将当前的AbstractChannelHandlerContext封装到PendingHandlerCallback里去，等着后面触发调用。
回到正题，PendingHandlerCallback.execute()几经周折，会调用ChannelHandler的handlerAdded(),以下所示：
io.netty.channel.AbstractChannelHandlerContext
final void callHandlerAdded() throws Exception {
// We must call setAddComplete before calling handlerAdded. Otherwise if the handlerAdded method generates
// any pipeline events ctx.handler() will miss them because the state will not allow it.
if (setAddComplete()) {
handler().handlerAdded(this);
}
}
那么再回头看看ChannelInitializer
io.netty.channel.ChannelInitializer
/**
* {@inheritDoc} If override this method ensure you call super!
*/
@Override
public void handlerAdded(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
if (ctx.channel().isRegistered()) {
if (initChannel(ctx)) {
removeState(ctx);
}
}
}
private boolean initChannel(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
if (initMap.add(ctx)) { // Guard against re-entrance.
initChannel((C) ctx.channel());
return true;
}
return false;
}
/**
* This method will be called once the {@link Channel} was registered. After the method returns this instance
* will be removed from the {@link ChannelPipeline} of the {@link Channel}.
*
* @param ch the {@link Channel} which was registered.
* @throws Exception is thrown if an error occurs. In that case it will be handled by
* {@link #exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext, Throwable)} which will by default close
* the {@link Channel}.
*/
protected abstract void initChannel(C ch) throws Exception;
原来，最终会触发initChannel调用，因此上面初始化ServerSocketChannel时重写的initChannel会在这时执行。
p.addLast(new ChannelInitializer<Channel>() {
@Override
public void initChannel(final Channel ch) {
final ChannelPipeline pipeline = ch.pipeline();
ChannelHandler handler = config.handler();
if (handler != null) {
pipeline.addLast(handler);
}
ch.eventLoop().execute(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
pipeline.addLast(new ServerBootstrapAcceptor(
ch, currentChildGroup, currentChildHandler, currentChildOptions, currentChildAttrs));
}
});
}
});
这里的initChannel执行以后，此时ChannelPipeline大体以下：
head --> tail
值得注意的是，此时ServerBootstrapAcceptor暂时并无被放入ChannelPipeline中，而一样是放到了上面提到的Queue<Runnable> taskQueue队列中，以下：
ch.eventLoop().execute(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
pipeline.addLast(new ServerBootstrapAcceptor(
ch, currentChildGroup, currentChildHandler, currentChildOptions, currentChildAttrs));
}
});
至于ServerBootstrapAcceptor里面干了啥，等到后面再细说。
来，继续。上面讲清楚了doRegister()和pipeline.invokeHandlerAddedIfNeeded()，接下来看pipeline.fireChannelRegistered()。
(3) pipeline.fireChannelRegistered()
做用：触发pipeline中的ChannelInboundHandler的channelRegistered()方法调用
仍是往里面简单追一下源码。
io.netty.channel.AbstractChannelHandlerContext
static void invokeChannelRegistered(final AbstractChannelHandlerContext next) {
EventExecutor executor = next.executor();
if (executor.inEventLoop()) {
next.invokeChannelRegistered();
} else {
executor.execute(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
next.invokeChannelRegistered();
}
});
}
}
private void invokeChannelRegistered() {
if (invokeHandler()) {
try {
// 这里触发了channelRegistered()方法调用
((ChannelInboundHandler) handler()).channelRegistered(this);
} catch (Throwable t) {
invokeExceptionCaught(t);
}
} else {
fireChannelRegistered();
}
}
到这里，register0()这个task就执行完了。可是还记得这个task执行过程当中，又往taskQueue中添加了一个Runnable吗？
new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
pipeline.addLast(new ServerBootstrapAcceptor(
ch, currentChildGroup, currentChildHandler, currentChildOptions, currentChildAttrs));
}
}
此时会poll到新加的task，见以下代码：
io.netty.util.concurrent.SingleThreadEventExecutor
protected boolean runAllTasks(long timeoutNanos) {
for (;;) {
safeExecute(task);
task = pollTask();
if (task == null) {
lastExecutionTime = ScheduledFutureTask.nanoTime();
break;
}
}
afterRunningAllTasks();
this.lastExecutionTime = lastExecutionTime;
return true;
}
执行完这个新增的Runnable后，此时ChannelPipeline大体以下：
head --> ServerBootstrapAcceptor --> tail
此时，taskQueue中的task都执行完了，EventLoop线程执行selector.select()，等待客户端的链接。
到这里，Server端也就成功启动了。
Client端启动过程
建立Selector
与Server端彻底一致。
建立SocketChannel
入口与Server端同样，不同的地方在于Client端是bootstrap.channel(NioSocketChannel.class)，因此须要看NioSocketChannel的实现。这里也没必要多说。
初始化SocketChannel
Client端的就比较简单了，以下：
io.netty.bootstrap.Bootstrap
@Override
void init(Channel channel) {
ChannelPipeline p = channel.pipeline();
p.addLast(config.handler());
}
SocketChannel注册到Selector上
前面的过程与Server端基本同样，执行完doRegister()，执行pipeline.invokeHandlerAddedIfNeeded()时，没有Server端复杂(由于Server端初始化SocketChannel，加了个添加ServerBootstrapAcceptor到ChannelPipeline的task)。
前面分析过，这个过程会触发initChannel调用，因此这时会执行用户编写的ChannelInitializer，也就是会执行ch.pipeline().addLast(new NettyClientHandler())，将用户编写的NettyClientHandler插入到ChannelPipeline中。
链接Server
注册成功后，会执行链接Server的回调。
io.netty.bootstrap.Bootstrap
private ChannelFuture doResolveAndConnect(final SocketAddress remoteAddress, final SocketAddress localAddress) {
final ChannelFuture regFuture = initAndRegister();
final Channel channel = regFuture.channel();
if (regFuture.isDone()) {
return doResolveAndConnect0(channel, remoteAddress, localAddress, channel.newPromise());
} else {
// Registration future is almost always fulfilled already, but just in case it's not.
final PendingRegistrationPromise promise = new PendingRegistrationPromise(channel);
regFuture.addListener(new ChannelFutureListener() {
@Override
public void operationComplete(ChannelFuture future) throws Exception {
// Directly obtain the cause and do a null check so we only need one volatile read in case of a
// failure.
Throwable cause = future.cause();
if (cause != null) {
// Registration on the EventLoop failed so fail the ChannelPromise directly to not cause an
// IllegalStateException once we try to access the EventLoop of the Channel.
promise.setFailure(cause);
} else {
// Registration was successful, so set the correct executor to use.
// See https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/2586
promise.registered();
doResolveAndConnect0(channel, remoteAddress, localAddress, promise);
}
}
});
return promise;
}
}
须要看doResolveAndConnect0(), 里面又调用的是doConnect()
io.netty.bootstrap.Bootstrap
private static void doConnect(
final SocketAddress remoteAddress, final SocketAddress localAddress, final ChannelPromise connectPromise) {
// This method is invoked before channelRegistered() is triggered. Give user handlers a chance to set up
// the pipeline in its channelRegistered() implementation.
final Channel channel = connectPromise.channel();
channel.eventLoop().execute(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
if (localAddress == null) {
channel.connect(remoteAddress, connectPromise);
} else {
channel.connect(remoteAddress, localAddress, connectPromise);
}
connectPromise.addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE_ON_FAILURE);
}
});
}
最终调用的是：
io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioSocketChannel#doConnect()
@Override
protected boolean doConnect(SocketAddress remoteAddress, SocketAddress localAddress) throws Exception {
boolean success = false;
try {
boolean connected = SocketUtils.connect(javaChannel(), remoteAddress);
if (!connected) {
selectionKey().interestOps(SelectionKey.OP_CONNECT);
}
success = true;
return connected;
} finally {
if (!success) {
doClose();
}
}
}
再看SocketUtils.connect(javaChannel(), remoteAddress)
io.netty.util.internal.SocketUtils
public static boolean connect(final SocketChannel socketChannel, final SocketAddress remoteAddress)
throws IOException {
try {
return AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedExceptionAction<Boolean>() {
@Override
public Boolean run() throws IOException {
return socketChannel.connect(remoteAddress);
}
});
} catch (PrivilegedActionException e) {
throw (IOException) e.getCause();
}
}
这里咱们看到了熟悉的socketChannel.connect(remoteAddress)。
Server与Client通讯
上面详细介绍了Server端的启动过程，Client端的启动过程，Client也向Server发出了链接请求。这时再回过头来看Server端。
Server端感知到了IO事件，会在io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoop的run()方法里，调用processSelectedKeys()，对于每一个IO事件，最终调用的是processSelectedKey()来处理。
io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoop
private void processSelectedKey(SelectionKey k, AbstractNioChannel ch) {
final AbstractNioChannel.NioUnsafe unsafe = ch.unsafe();
try {
int readyOps = k.readyOps();
// We first need to call finishConnect() before try to trigger a read(...) or write(...) as otherwise
// the NIO JDK channel implementation may throw a NotYetConnectedException.
if ((readyOps & SelectionKey.OP_CONNECT) != 0) {
// remove OP_CONNECT as otherwise Selector.select(..) will always return without blocking
// See https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/924
int ops = k.interestOps();
ops &= ~SelectionKey.OP_CONNECT;
k.interestOps(ops);
unsafe.finishConnect();
}
// Process OP_WRITE first as we may be able to write some queued buffers and so free memory.
if ((readyOps & SelectionKey.OP_WRITE) != 0) {
// Call forceFlush which will also take care of clear the OP_WRITE once there is nothing left to write
ch.unsafe().forceFlush();
}
// Also check for readOps of 0 to workaround possible JDK bug which may otherwise lead
// to a spin loop
if ((readyOps & (SelectionKey.OP_READ | SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT)) != 0 || readyOps == 0) {
unsafe.read();
}
} catch (CancelledKeyException ignored) {
unsafe.close(unsafe.voidPromise());
}
}
这里是SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT，固然走的是unsafe.read()
io.netty.channel.nio.AbstractNioMessageChannel
private final class NioMessageUnsafe extends AbstractNioUnsafe {
private final List<Object> readBuf = new ArrayList<Object>();
@Override
public void read() {
assert eventLoop().inEventLoop();
final ChannelConfig config = config();
final ChannelPipeline pipeline = pipeline();
final RecvByteBufAllocator.Handle allocHandle = unsafe().recvBufAllocHandle();
allocHandle.reset(config);
boolean closed = false;
Throwable exception = null;
try {
try {
do {
int localRead = doReadMessages(readBuf);
if (localRead == 0) {
break;
}
if (localRead < 0) {
closed = true;
break;
}
allocHandle.incMessagesRead(localRead);
} while (allocHandle.continueReading());
} catch (Throwable t) {
exception = t;
}
int size = readBuf.size();
for (int i = 0; i < size; i ++) {
readPending = false;
pipeline.fireChannelRead(readBuf.get(i));
}
readBuf.clear();
allocHandle.readComplete();
pipeline.fireChannelReadComplete();
} finally {
// ...
}
}
}
这里面有很重要的两个方法，doReadMessages(readBuf)和pipeline.fireChannelRead()
io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioServerSocketChannel
@Override
protected int doReadMessages(List<Object> buf) throws Exception {
SocketChannel ch = SocketUtils.accept(javaChannel());
try {
if (ch != null) {
buf.add(new NioSocketChannel(this, ch));
return 1;
}
} catch (Throwable t) {
// ...
}
return 0;
}
io.netty.util.internal.SocketUtils
public static SocketChannel accept(final ServerSocketChannel serverSocketChannel) throws IOException {
try {
return AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedExceptionAction<SocketChannel>() {
@Override
public SocketChannel run() throws IOException {
return serverSocketChannel.accept();
}
});
} catch (PrivilegedActionException e) {
throw (IOException) e.getCause();
}
}
serverSocketChannel接受了Client端的链接后，将该socketChannel放到了List中。
然后遍历该List，将每一个socketChannel传入pipeline.fireChannelRead()中。
还记得当前serverSocketChannel的ChannelPipeline有哪些ChannelHandler吗？
head --> ServerBootstrapAcceptor --> tail
接下来就须要重点看下ServerBootstrapAcceptor的逻辑
io.netty.bootstrap.ServerBootstrap#ServerBootstrapAcceptor
private static class ServerBootstrapAcceptor extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
private final EventLoopGroup childGroup;
private final ChannelHandler childHandler;
private final Runnable enableAutoReadTask;
ServerBootstrapAcceptor(
final Channel channel, EventLoopGroup childGroup, ChannelHandler childHandler,
Entry<ChannelOption<?>, Object>[] childOptions, Entry<AttributeKey<?>, Object>[] childAttrs) {
this.childGroup = childGroup;
this.childHandler = childHandler;
enableAutoReadTask = new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
channel.config().setAutoRead(true);
}
};
}
@Override
public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) {
final Channel child = (Channel) msg;
child.pipeline().addLast(childHandler);
setChannelOptions(child, childOptions, logger);
setAttributes(child, childAttrs);
childGroup.register(child).addListener(new ChannelFutureListener() {
@Override
public void operationComplete(ChannelFuture future) throws Exception {
if (!future.isSuccess()) {
forceClose(child, future.cause());
}
}
});
}
}
ServerBootstrapAcceptor将创建好链接的socketChannel注册到workerGroup中的某个EventLoop(或者说是Selector)上，并且将用户编写的childHandler加到了每一个socketChannel的ChannelPipeline中。ServerBootstrapAcceptor至关于起了转发的做用，创建好链接后Channel实际的读写IO事件是由workerGroup中的EventLoop来处理。
再回过头来，看Reactor模式的多Reactor版本(一主多从)，不知道你是否能get到其中的含义？
注意：上面代码里的childGroup就是来自咱们在写Server端NettyServer代码时定义的workerGroup
EventLoopGroup workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();
我以为能坚持看到这个地方的朋友应该能明白，只是这里又啰嗦了一下。
讲到这里，我以为其实后面Client端的状况都不用讲了，已经很清晰了。不过为了文章的完整性，仍是写下去比较好。
Server端accept链接请求后，Client端此时一样也有了IO事件。一样仍是走processSelectedKey()那个方法，不过执行的分支不同。
int readyOps = k.readyOps();
// We first need to call finishConnect() before try to trigger a read(...) or write(...) as otherwise
// the NIO JDK channel implementation may throw a NotYetConnectedException.
if ((readyOps & SelectionKey.OP_CONNECT) != 0) {
// remove OP_CONNECT as otherwise Selector.select(..) will always return without blocking
// See https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/924
int ops = k.interestOps();
ops &= ~SelectionKey.OP_CONNECT;
k.interestOps(ops);
unsafe.finishConnect();
}
最终调用doFinishConnect()，以下：
io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioSocketChannel
@Override
protected void doFinishConnect() throws Exception {
if (!javaChannel().finishConnect()) {
throw new Error();
}
}
以后，Client端与Server端就能够经过Channel读写数据，经过ChannelPipeline中的ChannelHandler对数据decode、compute、encode。
写在后面
至此，本篇就大体讲清楚了Netty的Server端和Client端的整个启动并通讯的过程以及如何对nio进行封装的。这里再贴一张在网络上流传较广的Netty工做原理图，相信此时再看这张图应该无比亲切吧。
整个过程确实比较绕。但回过头再看，有一个清晰的思路，而后时刻记着与nio的代码作对比，多点耐心也还能坚持下去，另外遇到搞不明白的地方再配合debug，会轻松许多。最后，因为本人能力有限，文中若有错误的理解、不恰当的描述，欢迎指出！
- 1. 不知庐山真面目只缘身在此山中，讲解一下Handler
- 2. 不识庐山真面目
- 3. Java程序员：不识Jvm真面目，只缘身在增删查改中
- 4. Drupal建站过程思考——不识庐山真面目，只缘身在此山中
- 5. 手撕Netty，真香！
- 6. 《架构真经》读后感
- 7. 此刻， 演进到100G真不是梦
- 8. ThreadLocal不只要应付面试，更要真的理解，真的会用
- 9. UiAutomatorviewer 真机 识别不到
- 10. 真实面试经历(4)
- 更多相关文章...
- • 伪造目标不可达的ICMP数据包 - TCP/IP教程
- • RSS 阅读器 - RSS 教程
- • JDK13 GA发布：5大特性解读
- • SpringBoot中properties文件不能自动提示解决方法
-
每一个你不满意的现在，都有一个你没有努力的曾经。
- 1. Duang!超快Wi-Fi来袭
- 2. 机器学习-补充03 神经网络之**函数(Activation Function)
- 3. git上开源maven项目部署 多module maven项目（多module maven+redis+tomcat+mysql）后台部署流程学习记录
- 4. ecliple-tomcat部署maven项目方式之一
- 5. eclipse新导入的项目经常可以看到“XX cannot be resolved to a type”的报错信息
- 6. Spark RDD的依赖于DAG的工作原理
- 7. VMware安装CentOS-8教程详解
- 8. YDOOK：Java 项目 Spring 项目导入基本四大 jar 包 导入依赖，怎样在 IDEA 的项目结构中导入 jar 包 导入依赖
- 9. 简单方法使得putty（windows10上）可以免密登录树莓派
- 10. idea怎么用本地maven