在CentOS7.6上安装自动化运维工具Ansible以及playbook案例实操

前言html

Ansible是一款优秀的自动化IT运维工具,具备远程安装、远程部署应用、远程管理能力,支持Windows、Linux、Unix、macOS和大型机等多种操做系统。node

下面就以CentOS 7.6为主机操做系统,演示安装Ansible工具的过程,将一个本地应用例子安装到远程主机,并在远程主机上运行应用。python

 1、环境准备shell

完成这个例子,最少须要两台主机,一台安装Ansible运维工具自己,用做管理主机,一台用做远程目标主机。centos

两台主机都预先安装了CentOS 7.6操做系统。bash

# Ansible管理主机babel

192.168.6.190  root@k3s-vip网络

# 远程目标主机运维

 192.168.6.193  root@k3s-node3 dom

2、安装Ansible运维工具

使用SSH登陆到拟安装Ansible的主机。

  • 查看系统环境:
[root@k3s-vip ~]# uname -a Linux k3s-vip 3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Thu Nov 8 23:39:32 UTC 2018 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
  • 运行安装命令

Ansible的安装过程很简单,只须要一条yum命令。

使用CentOS自带工具yum自动下载、安装Ansible。Ansible依赖于Python语言,安装Ansible时会自动下载、安装Python语言包。

安装过程当中会提示是否安装依赖软件包,所有选y。

[root@k3s-vip ~]# yum install ansible Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Determining fastest mirrors * base: centos.ustc.edu.cn * extras: mirrors.cqu.edu.cn * updates: mirrors.cqu.edu.cn base | 3.6 kB  00:00:00 extras | 3.4 kB  00:00:00 updates | 3.4 kB  00:00:00 (1/2): extras/7/x86_64/primary_db                                                                                                                                                      | 187 kB  00:00:01 (2/2): updates/7/x86_64/primary_db                                                                                                                                                     | 3.4 MB  00:00:15 Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package ansible.noarch 0:2.4.2.0-2.el7 will be installed --> Processing Dependency: sshpass for package: ansible-2.4.2.0-2.el7.noarch --> Processing Dependency: python2-jmespath for package: ansible-2.4.2.0-2.el7.noarch --> Processing Dependency: python-passlib for package: ansible-2.4.2.0-2.el7.noarch --> Processing Dependency: python-paramiko for package: ansible-2.4.2.0-2.el7.noarch --> Processing Dependency: python-jinja2 for package: ansible-2.4.2.0-2.el7.noarch --> Processing Dependency: python-httplib2 for package: ansible-2.4.2.0-2.el7.noarch --> Processing Dependency: python-cryptography for package: ansible-2.4.2.0-2.el7.noarch --> Running transaction check ---> Package python-httplib2.noarch 0:0.9.2-1.el7 will be installed ---> Package python-jinja2.noarch 0:2.7.2-2.el7 will be installed --> Processing Dependency: python-babel >= 0.8 for package: python-jinja2-2.7.2-2.el7.noarch --> Processing Dependency: python-markupsafe for package: python-jinja2-2.7.2-2.el7.noarch ---> Package python-paramiko.noarch 0:2.1.1-9.el7 will be installed --> Processing Dependency: python2-pyasn1 for package: python-paramiko-2.1.1-9.el7.noarch ---> Package python-passlib.noarch 0:1.6.5-2.el7 will be installed ---> Package python2-cryptography.x86_64 0:1.7.2-2.el7 will be installed --> Processing Dependency: python-idna >= 2.0 for package: python2-cryptography-1.7.2-2.el7.x86_64 --> Processing Dependency: python-cffi >= 1.4.1 for package: python2-cryptography-1.7.2-2.el7.x86_64 --> Processing Dependency: python-enum34 for package: python2-cryptography-1.7.2-2.el7.x86_64 ---> Package python2-jmespath.noarch 0:0.9.0-3.el7 will be installed ---> Package sshpass.x86_64 0:1.06-2.el7 will be installed --> Running transaction check ---> Package python-babel.noarch 0:0.9.6-8.el7 will be installed ---> Package python-cffi.x86_64 0:1.6.0-5.el7 will be installed --> Processing Dependency: python-pycparser for package: python-cffi-1.6.0-5.el7.x86_64 ---> Package python-enum34.noarch 0:1.0.4-1.el7 will be installed ---> Package python-idna.noarch 0:2.4-1.el7 will be installed ---> Package python-markupsafe.x86_64 0:0.11-10.el7 will be installed ---> Package python2-pyasn1.noarch 0:0.1.9-7.el7 will be installed --> Running transaction check ---> Package python-pycparser.noarch 0:2.14-1.el7 will be installed --> Processing Dependency: python-ply for package: python-pycparser-2.14-1.el7.noarch --> Running transaction check ---> Package python-ply.noarch 0:3.4-11.el7 will be installed --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ============================================================================================================================================================================================================== Package Arch Version Repository Size ============================================================================================================================================================================================================== Installing: ansible noarch 2.4.2.0-2.el7                                       extras                                       7.6 M Installing for dependencies: python-babel                                              noarch                                      0.9.6-8.el7                                         base                                         1.4 M python-cffi                                               x86_64                                      1.6.0-5.el7                                         base                                         218 k python-enum34                                             noarch                                      1.0.4-1.el7                                         base                                          52 k python-httplib2                                           noarch                                      0.9.2-1.el7                                         extras                                       115 k python-idna                                               noarch                                      2.4-1.el7                                           base                                          94 k python-jinja2                                             noarch                                      2.7.2-2.el7                                         base                                         515 k python-markupsafe                                         x86_64                                      0.11-10.el7                                         base                                          25 k python-paramiko                                           noarch                                      2.1.1-9.el7                                         updates                                      269 k python-passlib                                            noarch                                      1.6.5-2.el7                                         extras                                       488 k python-ply                                                noarch                                      3.4-11.el7                                          base                                         123 k python-pycparser                                          noarch                                      2.14-1.el7                                          base                                         104 k python2-cryptography                                      x86_64                                      1.7.2-2.el7                                         base                                         502 k python2-jmespath                                          noarch                                      0.9.0-3.el7                                         extras                                        39 k python2-pyasn1                                            noarch                                      0.1.9-7.el7                                         base                                         100 k sshpass x86_64 1.06-2.el7                                          extras                                        21 k Transaction Summary ============================================================================================================================================================================================================== Install 1 Package (+15 Dependent packages) Total download size: 12 M Installed size: 57 M Is this ok [y/d/N]: y Downloading packages: warning: /var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/base/packages/python-babel-0.9.6-8.el7.noarch.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID f4a80eb5: NOKEY                                  ]  0.0 B/s | 574 kB  --:--:-- ETA Public key for python-babel-0.9.6-8.el7.noarch.rpm is not installed (1/16): python-babel-0.9.6-8.el7.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                                            | 1.4 MB  00:00:00 (2/16): python-idna-2.4-1.el7.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                                               |  94 kB  00:00:00 (3/16): python-enum34-1.0.4-1.el7.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                                           |  52 kB  00:00:00 Public key for python-httplib2-0.9.2-1.el7.noarch.rpm is not installed                   13% [==========-                                                                   ] 1.5 MB/s | 1.6 MB  00:00:06 ETA (4/16): python-httplib2-0.9.2-1.el7.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                                         | 115 kB  00:00:00 (5/16): python-jinja2-2.7.2-2.el7.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                                           | 515 kB  00:00:00 (6/16): python-passlib-1.6.5-2.el7.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                                          | 488 kB  00:00:00 Public key for python-paramiko-2.1.1-9.el7.noarch.rpm is not installed (7/16): python-paramiko-2.1.1-9.el7.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                                         | 269 kB  00:00:00 (8/16): python-ply-3.4-11.el7.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                                               | 123 kB  00:00:00 (9/16): python-pycparser-2.14-1.el7.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                                         | 104 kB  00:00:00 (10/16): python2-cryptography-1.7.2-2.el7.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                   | 502 kB  00:00:00 (11/16): python2-pyasn1-0.1.9-7.el7.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                                         | 100 kB  00:00:00 (12/16): python2-jmespath-0.9.0-3.el7.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                                       |  39 kB  00:00:00 (13/16): sshpass-1.06-2.el7.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                                 |  21 kB  00:00:00 (14/16): ansible-2.4.2.0-2.el7.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                                              | 7.6 MB  00:00:03 (15/16): python-cffi-1.6.0-5.el7.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                            | 218 kB  00:00:04 (16/16): python-markupsafe-0.11-10.el7.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                      |  25 kB  00:00:04     
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 1.8 MB/s |  12 MB  00:00:06 Retrieving key from file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
Importing GPG key 0xF4A80EB5: Userid : "CentOS-7 Key (CentOS 7 Official Signing Key) <security@centos.org>" Fingerprint: 6341 ab27 53d7 8a78 a7c2 7bb1 24c6 a8a7 f4a8 0eb5 Package : centos-release-7-6.1810.2.el7.centos.x86_64 (@anaconda) From : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7 Is this ok [y/N]: y Running transaction check Running transaction test Transaction test succeeded Running transaction Installing : python2-pyasn1-0.1.9-7.el7.noarch                                                                                                                                                         1/16 Installing : python-enum34-1.0.4-1.el7.noarch                                                                                                                                                          2/16 Installing : python-httplib2-0.9.2-1.el7.noarch                                                                                                                                                        3/16 Installing : sshpass-1.06-2.el7.x86_64                                                                                                                                                                 4/16 Installing : python-babel-0.9.6-8.el7.noarch                                                                                                                                                           5/16 Installing : python2-jmespath-0.9.0-3.el7.noarch                                                                                                                                                       6/16 Installing : python-passlib-1.6.5-2.el7.noarch                                                                                                                                                         7/16 Installing : python-ply-3.4-11.el7.noarch                                                                                                                                                              8/16 Installing : python-pycparser-2.14-1.el7.noarch                                                                                                                                                        9/16 Installing : python-cffi-1.6.0-5.el7.x86_64                                                                                                                                                           10/16 Installing : python-markupsafe-0.11-10.el7.x86_64                                                                                                                                                     11/16 Installing : python-jinja2-2.7.2-2.el7.noarch                                                                                                                                                         12/16 Installing : python-idna-2.4-1.el7.noarch                                                                                                                                                             13/16 Installing : python2-cryptography-1.7.2-2.el7.x86_64                                                                                                                                                  14/16 Installing : python-paramiko-2.1.1-9.el7.noarch                                                                                                                                                       15/16 Installing : ansible-2.4.2.0-2.el7.noarch                                                                                                                                                             16/16 Verifying : python-idna-2.4-1.el7.noarch                                                                                                                                                              1/16 Verifying : python-markupsafe-0.11-10.el7.x86_64                                                                                                                                                      2/16 Verifying : python-jinja2-2.7.2-2.el7.noarch                                                                                                                                                          3/16 Verifying : python-ply-3.4-11.el7.noarch                                                                                                                                                              4/16 Verifying : python-passlib-1.6.5-2.el7.noarch                                                                                                                                                         5/16 Verifying : python2-jmespath-0.9.0-3.el7.noarch                                                                                                                                                       6/16 Verifying : python-paramiko-2.1.1-9.el7.noarch                                                                                                                                                        7/16 Verifying : python-babel-0.9.6-8.el7.noarch                                                                                                                                                           8/16 Verifying : ansible-2.4.2.0-2.el7.noarch                                                                                                                                                              9/16 Verifying : python-cffi-1.6.0-5.el7.x86_64                                                                                                                                                           10/16 Verifying : sshpass-1.06-2.el7.x86_64                                                                                                                                                                11/16 Verifying : python-httplib2-0.9.2-1.el7.noarch                                                                                                                                                       12/16 Verifying : python2-pyasn1-0.1.9-7.el7.noarch                                                                                                                                                        13/16 Verifying : python-enum34-1.0.4-1.el7.noarch                                                                                                                                                         14/16 Verifying : python-pycparser-2.14-1.el7.noarch                                                                                                                                                       15/16 Verifying : python2-cryptography-1.7.2-2.el7.x86_64                                                                                                                                                  16/16 Installed: ansible.noarch 0:2.4.2.0-2.el7 Dependency Installed: python-babel.noarch 0:0.9.6-8.el7        python-cffi.x86_64 0:1.6.0-5.el7              python-enum34.noarch 0:1.0.4-1.el7        python-httplib2.noarch 0:0.9.2-1.el7     python-idna.noarch 0:2.4-1.el7 python-jinja2.noarch 0:2.7.2-2.el7       python-markupsafe.x86_64 0:0.11-10.el7        python-paramiko.noarch 0:2.1.1-9.el7      python-passlib.noarch 0:1.6.5-2.el7      python-ply.noarch 0:3.4-11.el7 python-pycparser.noarch 0:2.14-1.el7     python2-cryptography.x86_64 0:1.7.2-2.el7     python2-jmespath.noarch 0:0.9.0-3.el7     python2-pyasn1.noarch 0:0.1.9-7.el7      sshpass.x86_64 0:1.06-2.el7 Complete!
安装Ansible

结果代表,Ansible已经正确安装。

  • 查看Ansible版本号
[root@k3s-vip ~]# ansible --version ansible 2.4.2.0 config file = /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg configured module search path = [u'/root/.ansible/plugins/modules', u'/usr/share/ansible/plugins/modules'] ansible python module location = /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/ansible executable location = /usr/bin/ansible python version = 2.7.5 (default, Oct 30 2018, 23:45:53) [GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-36)]

Ansible的版本号是2.4.2.0,依赖的Python语言包版本号是2.7.5。

安装Ansible不是目的,Ansible的强大功能是自动化安装、部署和运行。下面以一个小例子来演示Ansible的IT运维能力。

 

3、创建主机信任关系

 Ansible是基于SSH来管理远程主机的,为了能自动化运行,须要在Ansible管理主机与远程目标主机之间创建SSH信任关系。

信任关系创建后,Ansible就能够自由访问目标主机。

  • 从Ansible管理主机远程登陆到目标主机:

以root用户远程登陆目标主机,提示时选择yes,输入远程目标主机上的root用户密码。由于须要在远程目标主机上安装软件包,使用root用户是必须的。

[root@k3s-vip ~]# ssh root@k3s-node3  The authenticity of host 'k3s-node3 (192.168.6.193)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:v8yvQmBzZWZrQzhIn4lNMgTsVK7C0lHaEcvdL9cqdno. ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:a0:aa:14:14:7e:7c:98:67:c1:9a:e4:aa:0d:ce:32:83. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes Warning: Permanently added 'k3s-node3,192.168.6.193' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts. root@k3s-node3's password: 
Last login: Sun Apr  7 11:09:20 2019 from 192.168.6.1
  •  在Ansible管理主机生成RSA密钥对(公钥/私钥)
[root@k3s-vip ~]# ssh-keygen -t rsa Generating public/private rsa key pair. Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa): Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): Enter same passphrase again: Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa. Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub. The key fingerprint is: SHA256:3GNNAxe62c9R505oFL0mkoKYJ53d2XjvP0cIWEsjvX8 root@k3s-vip The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 2048]----+
|          ..o... |
|          .+=  ..|
|      + + o=B+. +|
|     + * +.%+* *.|
|      o S B =oB.o|
|         . . +o=E|
|              +o.|
|               o.|
|                =|
+----[SHA256]-----+
  • 复制Ansible管理主机的公钥到远程目标主机
[root@k3s-vip ~]#  scp -p ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub root@192.168.6.193:/root/.ssh/authorized_keys root@192.168.6.193's password: 
         100%  405   605.6KB/s   00:00 id_rsa.pub 
  • 再次验证SSH登陆

从Ansible主机SSH登陆到目标主机:

[root@k3s-vip ~]# ssh 192.168.6.193 Last login: Sun Apr  7 12:00:19 2019 from k3s-vip
[root@k3s-node3 ~]# 

结果显示,能够免密码登陆了。

配置主机信任的过程有点麻烦,可是配置一次就能够永久免密登陆,比起每次登陆输入密码仍是值得的。

4、配置Ansible环境

新建一个Shell脚本文件show_hosts.sh,功能很简单,输出日期时间和/etc/hosts文件的内容到控制台。

编写远程安装的Ansible部署文件,将show_hosts.sh文件安装到远程主机的/user/loca/bin目录下。

在远程主机运行脚本,而后删除脚本。

  • 新建Shell脚本
[root@k3s-vip ~]# mkdir -p /root/ansible [root@k3s-vip ~]# cd /root/ansible/ [root@k3s-vip ansible]# vi show_hosts.sh [root@k3s-vip ansible]# chmod +x show_hosts.sh [root@k3s-vip ansible]# cat show_hosts.sh #!/usr/bin/bash date 
cat /etc/hosts
  • 在本地测试脚本
[root@k3s-vip ~]# ./show_hosts.sh Sun Apr 7 14:42:22 CST 2019
127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain 192.168.6.190  k3s-vip 192.168.6.193  k3s-node3

输出了当前日期时间和/etc/hosts文件的内容。

  • 查看Ansible配置目录
[root@k3s-vip ~]# ls -ln /etc/ansible/ total 24
-rw-r--r-- 1 0 0 19179 Jan 30  2018 ansible.cfg # Ansible配置文件 -rw-r--r-- 1 0 0  1016 Jan 30  2018 hosts # Ansible主机文件 drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0     6 Jan 30  2018 roles  # 角色文件
  • 修改/etc/ansible/hosts文件

修改hosts文件,在文件最后添加主机组k3s-node以及组内主机IP:

[k3s-node]

192.168.6.193

[root@k3s-vip ~]# cd  /etc/ansible/ [root@k3s-vip ansible]# vi hosts [root@k3s-vip ansible]# cat hosts # This is the default ansible 'hosts' file. # ... [k3s-node] 192.168.6.193
  • 测试远程主机的连通性
[root@k3s-vip ansible]# ansible k3s-node -m ping              
192.168.6.193 | SUCCESS => { "changed": false, "ping": "pong" }

子命令ping会依次向主机组k3s-node内的各个主机发出报文,验证网络连通性。

 

5、编写playbook剧本文件

 playbook是预先编写的描述性剧本,ansible会逐个执行playbook剧本内的命令。

  •  编写playbook文件

 playbook文件是yaml语言格式描述的。show_hosts.yaml剧本分为三个子任务:

复制shell脚本到远程主机;

在远程主机执行shell脚本,休眠3秒;

最后删除脚本。

[root@k3s-vip ansible]# cd /root/ansible/ [root@k3s-vip ansible]# [root@k3s-vip ansible]# cat show_hosts.yaml - name: a sample for show /etc/hosts hosts: k3s-node remote_user: root tasks: - name: copy show_hosts shell file: src: '{{ item.src }}' dest: '{{ item.dest }}' mode: 755 with_items: - { src: '/root/ansible/show_hosts.sh', dest: '/usr/local/bin/'} - name: run shell shell: |
      /usr/local/bin/show_hosts.sh; sleep 3; - name: delete shell file: src: '{{ item.src }}' dest: '{{ item.dest }}' state: '{{ item.state }}' with_items: - { src: '', dest: '/usr/local/bin/show_hosts.sh', state: 'absent' }

万事具有,只欠东风了。激动人心的时刻即将到来。

 

6、远程执行playbook剧本

  • 远程执行playbook剧本

在Ansible主机运行ansible-playbook命令,按顺序执行playbook剧本子任务,从结果看全部子任务所有执行成功。

[root@k3s-vip ansible]# ansible-playbook show_hosts.yaml PLAY [a sample for show /etc/hosts] ************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** TASK [Gathering Facts] *************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** ok: [192.168.6.193] TASK [copy show_hosts shell] ********************************************************************************************************************************************************************************* changed: [192.168.6.193] => (item={u'dest': u'/usr/local/bin/', u'src': u'/root/ansible/show_hosts.sh'}) TASK [run shell] ********************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************* changed: [192.168.6.193] TASK [delete shell] ****************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** changed: [192.168.6.193] => (item={u'dest': u'/usr/local/bin/show_hosts.sh', u'src': u'', u'state': u'absent'}) PLAY RECAP ***************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
192.168.6.193              : ok=4    changed=3    unreachable=0    failed=0 [root@k3s-vip ansible]#

 

7、小结

  • 本文主要工做以下:

下载安装自动化运维工具Ansible;

创建管理主机和目标主机之间的SSH信任关系;

配置管理主机上的Ansible运行环境:远程目标主机组等;

编写例子脚本show_hosts.sh;

编写playbook剧本:复制shell脚本、远程执行脚本,最后删除脚本;

运行playbook。

  • 小结

Ansible是一个功能强大的IT运维工具,本文只是揭开冰山一角。本文的过程略显复杂,可是“写一次,到处运行”的好处的是显而易见的。

但愿本文对读者有帮助,欢迎留言交流。

 

 

原文出处:https://www.cnblogs.com/solomonxu/p/10664207.html

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