python Monkey patch

What is Monkey Patch

Monkey Patch 就是在运行时对已有的代码进行修改,达到hot patch的目的。Eventlet中大量使用了该技巧,以替换标准库中的组件,好比socket。首先来看一下最简单的monkey patch的实现。python

class Foo(object):
    def bar(self):
        print 'Foo.bar'

def bar(self):
    print 'Modified bar'

Foo().bar()

Foo.bar = bar

Foo().bar()

因为Python中的名字空间是开放,经过dict来实现,因此很容易就能够达到patch的目的。socket

Python namespace

Python有几个namespace,分别是函数

  • locals
  • globals
  • builtin

其中定义在函数内声明的变量属于locals,而模块内定义的函数属于globals。ui

Python module Import & Name Lookup

当咱们import一个module时,python会作如下几件事情this

  • 导入一个module
  • 将module对象加入到sys.modules,后续对该module的导入将直接从该dict中得到
  • 将module对象加入到globals dict中

当咱们引用一个模块时,将会从globals中查找。这里若是要替换掉一个标准模块,咱们得作如下两件事情spa

  1. 将咱们本身的module加入到sys.modules中,替换掉原有的模块。若是被替换模块还没加载,那么咱们得先对其进行加载,不然第一次加载时,还会加载标准模块。(这里有一个import hook能够用,不过这须要咱们本身实现该hook,可能也可使用该方法hook module import)
  2. 若是被替换模块引用了其余模块,那么咱们也须要进行替换,可是这里咱们能够修改globals dict,将咱们的module加入到globals以hook这些被引用的模块。

Eventlet Patcher Implementation

如今咱们先来看一下eventlet中的Patcher的调用代码吧,这段代码对标准的ftplib作monkey patch,将eventlet的GreenSocket替换标准的socket。code

from eventlet import patcher

# *NOTE: there might be some funny business with the "SOCKS" module
# if it even still exists
from eventlet.green import socket

patcher.inject('ftplib', globals(), ('socket', socket))

del patcher

inject函数会将eventlet的socket模块注入标准的ftplib中,globals dict被传入以作适当的修改。orm

让咱们接着来看一下inject的实现。对象

__exclude = set(('__builtins__', '__file__', '__name__'))

def inject(module_name, new_globals, *additional_modules):
    """Base method for "injecting" greened modules into an imported module.  It
    imports the module specified in *module_name*, arranging things so
    that the already-imported modules in *additional_modules* are used when
    *module_name* makes its imports.

    *new_globals* is either None or a globals dictionary that gets populated
    with the contents of the *module_name* module.  This is useful when creating
    a "green" version of some other module.

    *additional_modules* should be a collection of two-element tuples, of the
    form (, ).  If it's not specified, a default selection of
    name/module pairs is used, which should cover all use cases but may be
    slower because there are inevitably redundant or unnecessary imports.
    """
    if not additional_modules:
        # supply some defaults
        additional_modules = (
            _green_os_modules() +
            _green_select_modules() +
            _green_socket_modules() +
            _green_thread_modules() +
            _green_time_modules())

    ## Put the specified modules in sys.modules for the duration of the import
    saved = {}
    for name, mod in additional_modules:
        saved[name] = sys.modules.get(name, None)
        sys.modules[name] = mod

    ## Remove the old module from sys.modules and reimport it while
    ## the specified modules are in place
    old_module = sys.modules.pop(module_name, None)
    try:
        module = __import__(module_name, {}, {}, module_name.split('.')[:-1])

        if new_globals is not None:
            ## Update the given globals dictionary with everything from this new module
            for name in dir(module):
                if name not in __exclude:
                    new_globals[name] = getattr(module, name)

        ## Keep a reference to the new module to prevent it from dying
        sys.modules['__patched_module_' + module_name] = module
    finally:
        ## Put the original module back
        if old_module is not None:
            sys.modules[module_name] = old_module
        elif module_name in sys.modules:
            del sys.modules[module_name]

        ## Put all the saved modules back
        for name, mod in additional_modules:
            if saved[name] is not None:
                sys.modules[name] = saved[name]
            else:
                del sys.modules[name]

    return module

注释比较清楚的解释了代码的意图。代码仍是比较容易理解的。这里有一个函数__import__,这个函数提供一个模块名(字符串),来加载一个模块。而咱们import或者reload时提供的名字是对象。ci

if new_globals is not None:
    ## Update the given globals dictionary with everything from this new module
    for name in dir(module):
        if name not in __exclude:
            new_globals[name] = getattr(module, name)

这段代码的做用是将标准的ftplib中的对象加入到eventlet的ftplib模块中。由于咱们在eventlet.ftplib中调用了inject,传入了globals,而inject中咱们手动__import__了这个module,只获得了一个模块对象,因此模块中的对象不会被加入到globals中,须要手动添加。

这里为何不用from ftplib import *的缘故,应该是由于这样没法作到彻底替换ftplib的目的。由于from … import *会根据__init__.py中的__all__列表来导入public symbol,而这样对于下划线开头的private symbol将不会导入,没法作到彻底patch。

相关文章
相关标签/搜索