Git中的工做区(Working Directory)、暂存区(stage)和历史记录区(history)

今天和git搏斗了一下午,发现了修改的文件一直commit不了。网上查了一下才发现原来git的模型里还有工做区和暂存区的说法。git

  • 工做区:在git管理下的正常目录都算是工做区。咱们平时的编辑工做都是在工做区完成。
  • 暂存区:能够理解为一个临时区域。里面存放将要提交文件的快照。
  • 历史区:commit后,记录的归档。

三者的转换关系以下图:svn

须要注意的是:提交一个文件须要先git add <file>把它放到暂存区,而后才能用git commit真正提交。
这是一个和svn在使用上一个很大的区别。一直commit发现提交不上去,找了很久才发现,原来是没有提交到暂存区。code

实验

下面来演示一下:blog

首先新建一个叫作learn_git的目录,并初始化:ci

phantom01@phantom01-VirtualBox:~/work$ mkdir learn_git
phantom01@phantom01-VirtualBox:~/work$ cd learn_git/
phantom01@phantom01-VirtualBox:~/work/learn_git$ git init
# Initialized empty Git repository in /home/phantom01/work/learn_git/.git/

而后git status查看如今的状态:get

phantom01@phantom01-VirtualBox:~/work/learn_git$ git status
# On branch master
# 
# Initial commit
# 
# nothing to commit (create/copy files and use "git add" to track)

会发现如今什么都没有。毕竟这个目录里面咱们尚未放东西嘛。it

接下来,新建一个叫作readme.md的文件,并在里面写点内容。io

而后git status来查看下状态:ast

phantom01@phantom01-VirtualBox:~/work/learn_git$ git status
# On branch master
# 
# Initial commit
# 
# Untracked files:
#   (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
# 
#   readme.md
# 
# nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)

发现如今readme.md是"Untracked files",说明git如今尚未开始追踪这个文件,这时须要咱们用git add来把这个文件添加进git 的管理。而后git status来查看当前状态。class

phantom01@phantom01-VirtualBox:~/work/learn_git$ git add readme.md 
phantom01@phantom01-VirtualBox:~/work/learn_git$ git status
# On branch master
# 
# Initial commit
# 
# Changes to be committed:
#   (use "git rm --cached <file>..." to unstage)
# 
#   new file:   readme.md
#

会发现,如今文件已经变成了"Changes to be committed"中的"new file"。
此时,咱们刚才修改的部分已经被提交至暂存区。

咱们修改一下文件中的内容,而后在查看一下状态:

phantom01@phantom01-VirtualBox:~/work/learn_git$ git status
# On branch master
# 
# Initial commit
# 
# Changes to be committed:
#   (use "git rm --cached <file>..." to unstage)
# 
#   new file:   readme.md
# 
# Changes not staged for commit:
#   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
#   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
# 
#   modified:   readme.md
#

会发现,状态中又多了一个:

Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
  (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)

    modified:   readme.md

其中"Changes not staged for commit"是说没有被提交到暂存区。

接下来咱们用git commit提交一下:

phantom01@phantom01-VirtualBox:~/work/learn_git$ git commit -m "ci1"
# [master (root-commit) 41adae7] ci1
#  1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
#  create mode 100644 readme.md
phantom01@phantom01-VirtualBox:~/work/learn_git$ git status
# On branch master
# Changes not staged for commit:
#   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
#   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
# 
#   modified:   readme.md
# 
# no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
#

会发现"be committed"那一段不见了,而"not staged"还在。这说明一段内容被提交了,然后一段内容没有被提交。

接下来,咱们只须要在git add和commit一次就行了。

参考资料

http://www.liaoxuefeng.com/wiki/0013739516305929606dd18361248578c67b8067c8c017b000/0013745374151782eb658c5a5ca454eaa451661275886c6000
http://selfcontroller.iteye.com/blog/1786644

知乎上关于这个的讨论:https://www.zhihu.com/question/19946553

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