类型转换

1. 类型判断操做符
   1. ==，！=判断俩个值类型是否相等
   2. ===，！==判断两个引用是不是一个内存地址
   3. is判断某个对象是不是某个类型

class MediaItem {
    var name: String
    init(name: String) {
        self.name = name
    }
}

class Movie: MediaItem {
    var director: String
    init(director: String, name:String) {
        self.director = director
        super.init(name: name)
    }
}

class Song: MediaItem {
    var artist: String
    init(artist: String, name: String) {
        self.artist = artist
        super.init(name: name)
    }
}

//library被推断出来存储的类型是MediaItem类型，因此遍历时候取出来的每个item类型默认都是MediaItem类型
let library = [
    Movie(director: "1", name: "1"),
    Song(artist: "2", name: "2"),
    Song(artist: "3", name: "3"),
    Movie(director: "4", name: "4"),
    Song(artist: "5", name: "5"),
]

var movieCount = 0, songCount = 0
for  item in library {
    //item是MediaItem类型
    if item is Movie {
        movieCount += 1
    }else if item is Song{
        songCount += 1
    }
}
print("moveCount = \(movieCount) songCount = \(songCount)")
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2. 向下转型
   1. 当不肯定转型是否会是肯定的子类类型时候要用as？
   2. 当肯定转型会是肯定的子类类型时候要用as!
   3. 向上转型老是会成功，没有意义的！没有关联的对象转型老是会失败，也是没意义的。因此只是存在向下转型。转成更加肯定的类型。

class MediaItem {
    var name: String
    init(name: String) {
        self.name = name
    }
}

class Movie: MediaItem {
    var director: String
    init(director: String, name:String) {
        self.director = director
        super.init(name: name)
    }
}

class Song: MediaItem {
    var artist: String
    init(artist: String, name: String) {
        self.artist = artist
        super.init(name: name)
    }
}

//library被推断出来存储的类型是MediaItem类型，因此遍历时候取出来的每个item类型默认都是MediaItem类型
let library = [
    Movie(director: "1", name: "1"),
    Song(artist: "2", name: "2"),
    Song(artist: "3", name: "3"),
    Movie(director: "4", name: "4"),
    Song(artist: "5", name: "5"),
]

var movieCount = 0
var songCount = 0
for item in library {
    //item默认是MediaItem类型
    if let _ = item as? Movie{
        movieCount += 1
    } else if let _ = item as? Song{
        songCount += 1
    }
}

print("movieCount = \(movieCount) songCount = \(songCount)")
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3. Any与AnyObject区别

   1. AnyObject是Any的子类
   2. AnyObject只是表示对象类型
   3. Any能够表示全部任意类型，包括值，对象，可选，函数类型等。
   4. 遇见Any类型时候可能编译器给出警报，这时候能够用 as Any来消除警报.

4. as,as?,as!

   1. 若是涉及到向上转型，值类型，case匹配对象，消除可选类型使用时候的警告用as。
   2. 若是涉及到向下转型，可能会失败用as？。
   3. 若是涉及到向下转型，必定成功用as!。

class Animal {}
class Dog: Animal {}

/*** as使用场景 ***/
//1. as值类型
var a = 4
let b = a as Int

//2. as向上转型
var c = Dog()
let d = c as Animal

//3. switch,case匹配对象
switch d {
case  _ as Dog :
    break
default:
    break
}

//4. 消除Any类型警报
var g: Int?
print(g as Any)

var h: Int? = 5
print(h!)
print(h as Any)

/*** as？使用场景 ***/
//1. 向下转型可能会失败
var e = d as? Dog

/*** as!使用场景 ***/
//1. 向下转型确保必定成功
var f = d as! Dog
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5. 因为使用了可选类型可能致使警报，这时候若是肯定可选类型必定有值。那么能够用！强制解包，也能够用 a as Any来解决警报。 这时候若是多是缺省值那么就只能用a as Any来解决警报。