约束某各种
用于约束其派生类,保证其派生类中有send方法,否则执行可能会报错
约束其派生类,python中用类来实现,Java和C#中用接口或类来实现
(1) 对于Java/C#:
类:(java和C#是先编译后运行的,因此若是不知足条件,一开始就会报错,根本没法运行)
1 class Foo: 2 def f1(self): 3 pass #可认为抛出异常
4
5 抽象类:约束他的派生类必须实现他其中的抽象方法 6 abstact class Foo: 7 def f1(self): #此方法能够不用继承
8 pass
9
10 abstact def f2(self): 11 pass
12 class Bar: 13 def f2(self): 14 pass
1 abstact class Foo: 2 def f1(self): #此方法能够不用继承
3 pass
4
5 abstact def f2(self): 6 pass
7 class Bar: 8 def f2(self): 9 pass
1 interface Foo: 2 def f1(self,x1):pass
3
4 def f2(self,x1):pass
5
6 interface Bar: 7 def f3(self,x1):pass
8
9 def f4(self,x1):pass
10
11 class Aou(Foo,Bar): 12 def f1(self,x1):pass
13
14 def f2(self,x1):pass
15
16 def f3(self,x1):pass
17
18 def f4(self,x1):pass
(2)python中:java
1 class BaseMessage: 2 def send(self): 3 '''
4 必须继承BaseMessage,而后其中必须编写send方法,用于完成具体的业务逻辑 5 '''
6 # raise Exception('...')
7 raise NotImplementedError('send方法必须被重写') #更专业 #NotImplementedError是没有实现的意思
8
9 class Email(BaseMessage): 10 def send(self): 11 pass #发送邮件
12
13 def f1(self): 14 pass
15
16 def f2(self): 17 pass
18
19 class Wechat(BaseMessage): 20 def send(self): 21 pass
22
23 def f3(self): 24 pass
25
26 class Messege(BaseMessage): 27 def send(self): 28 pass
29
30 def f4(self): 31 pass
32
33 def func(arg): 34 '''
35 报警通知 36 :param arg: 37 :return: 38 '''
39 arg.send()
1 from abc import ABCMeta,abstractmethod 2 class Base(metaclass=ABCMeta): #定义了一个抽象类
3 def f1(self): 4 print(123) 5
6 @abstractmethod 7 def f2(self): #定义了一个抽象方法
8 pass
9
10 class Foo(Base): 11 def f2(self): 12 print(666) 13
14 obj=Foo() 15 obj.f1() 16 obj.f2()
总结:
1.什么是接口,以及做用?
接口是一种数据类型,用于约束派生类中必须实现指定方法
python中不存在,在Java和C#中存在
2.python中用什么来约束
抽象方法,抽象类(编写上麻烦)
认为主动抛出异常
3.约束时抛出的异常是否能够用其余的
不专业:raise Exception('...')
专业:raise NotImplementedError('send方法必须被重写')
4.之后看代码时,揣摩写代码的人的心思
5.应用场景:
多个类,内部都必须有某各种或某个方法时,须要使用基类+异常进行约束
1 class Base: 2 def login(self): 3 raise NotImplementedError('...') 4
5 class Student(Base): 6 def login(self): 7 pass
8 def score(self): 9 pass
10
11 class Teather(Base): 12 def login(self): 13 pass
14
15 def exam(self): 16 pass
17
18 class Messaer(Base): 19 def login(self): 20 pass
21 def set(self): 22 pass
1 import os 2 def func(path,prev): 3 '''
4 去路径的文件中,找到前缀为prev的一行数据,获取数据并返回给调用者' 5 1000 成功 6 1001 文件不存在 7 1002 关键字为空 8 1003 未知错误 9 :param path: 10 :param prev: 11 :return: 12 '''
13 response ={'code':1000,'data':None} 14 try: 15 if not os.path.exists(path): 16 response['code'] = 1001
17 response['data'] = '文件不存在'
18 return response 19 if not prev: 20 response['code'] = 1002
21 response['data'] = '关键字为空'
22 return response 23 except Exception as e: 24 response['code']=1003
25 response['data']='未知错误'
26 return response 27 def func2(): 28 return 8
29 def show(): 30 v1=func() 31 v2=func2()
1 class ExistsError(Exception): #自定义异常类,自定义的异常类要继承Exception
2 pass
3 class KeyInvalidError(Exception): 4 pass
5 import os 6 def new_func(path,prev): 7 '''
8 去路径的文件中,找到前缀为prev的一行数据,获取数据并返回给调用者' 9 1000 成功 10 1001 文件不存在 11 1002 关键字为空 12 1003 未知错误 13 '''
14 response ={'code':1000,'data':None} 15 try: #目的就是为了让try中的代码简单明了
16 if not os.path.exists(path): 17 raise ExistsError 18 if not prev: 19 raise KeyInvalidError 20 except ExistsError as e: 21 response['code'] = 1001
22 response['data'] = '文件不存在'
23 except KeyInvalidError as e: 24 response['code'] = 1002
25 response['data'] = '关键字为空'
26 except Exception as e: 27 response['code']=1003
28 response['data']='未知错误'
29 return response 30 def func2(): 31 return 8
32 def show(): 33 v1=new_func() 34 v2=func2()
1 class MyException(Exception): #异常也是一个类
2 def __init__(self,code,msg): 3 self.code=code 4 self.msg=msg 5
6 try : #主动抛出异常
7 raise MyException(1000,'异常类型') 8
9 except MyException as e: #捕获异常
10 print(e.code,e.msg)
import hashlib #帮助加密的模块
obj=hashlib.md5(b'6khiy78g76tfmjyvf64') # 写入要加加密的字节
obj.update('admin'.encode('utf-8')) v=obj.hexdigest() #获取密文
print(v)
关键词:撞库 将常见的密文概括总结,一个一个试
加盐:obj=hashlib.md5(b'6khiy78g76tfmjyvf64')
1 Hash objects have these methods: 2 - update(arg): Update the hash object with the bytes in arg. Repeated calls 3 are equivalent to a single call with the concatenation of all 4 the arguments. 5 - digest(): Return the digest of the bytes passed to the update() method 6 so far. 7 - hexdigest(): Like digest() except the digest is returned as a unicode 8 object of double length, containing only hexadecimal digits. 9 - copy(): Return a copy (clone) of the hash object. This can be used to 10 efficiently compute the digests of strings that share a common 11 initial substring.
1 import hashlib 2 mi=b'6khiy78g76tfmjyvf64'
3 def md5(ped): 4
5 obj=hashlib.md5(mi) 6
7 obj.update('admin'.encode('utf-8')) 8
9 return obj.hexdigest() 10
11 name=input('亲输入用户名') 12 pwd=input('亲输入用密码') 13
14 if name=='ninini' and md5(pwd)=='263930cf6ae488d074e32def60d973cc': 15 print('登陆成功')
为何要有日志:
给开发人员看,用于排查错误
import logging #路径或文件名
logger=logging.basicConfig(filename='log.log', format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s -%(module)s: %(message)s', datefmt='%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %p', level=10) #用于控制日志的错误级别
logging.debug('x1') #10 正常测试
logging.info('x2') #20 正常的信息
logging.warning('x3') #30 警告
logging.error('x4') #40 错误
logging.critical('x5') #50 当即解决的错误
logging.log(10,'log') def func(): try: a=a+1
except Exception as e: print(e) logging.error(str(e)) func()
日志错误处理:
import logging #路径或文件名
logger=logging.basicConfig(filename='log.log', format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s -%(module)s: %(message)s', datefmt='%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %p', level=10) #用于控制日志的错误级别
logging.debug('x1') #10 正常测试
logging.info('x2') #20 正常的信息
logging.warning('x3') #30 警告
logging.error('x4') #40 错误
logging.critical('x5') #50 当即解决的错误
logging.log(10,'log') import traceback def func(): try: a=a+1
except Exception as e: # 获取当前错误的堆栈信息
msg=traceback.format_exc() logging.error(msg) func()