注:本文内容来源于zhice163博文,感谢做者的整理。html
1.为何基类的析构函数是虚函数?ios
在实现多态时,当用基类操做派生类,在析构时防止只析构基类而不析构派生类的情况发生。网络
下面转自网络:源地址 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_7c773cc50100y9hz.html函数
a.第一段代码spa
#include<iostream> using namespace std; class ClxBase{ public: ClxBase() {}; ~ClxBase() {cout << "Output from the destructor of class ClxBase!" << endl;}; void DoSomething() { cout << "Do something in class ClxBase!" << endl; }; }; class ClxDerived : public ClxBase{ public: ClxDerived() {}; ~ClxDerived() { cout << "Output from the destructor of class ClxDerived!" << endl; }; void DoSomething() { cout << "Do something in class ClxDerived!" << endl; }; }; int main(){ ClxDerived *p = new ClxDerived; p->DoSomething(); delete p; return 0; }
运行结果:指针
Do something in class ClxDerived! code
Output from the destructor of class ClxDerived!htm
Output from the destructor of class ClxBase! 对象
这段代码中基类的析构函数不是虚函数,在main函数中用继承类的指针去操做继承类的成员,释放指针P的过程是:先释放继承类的资源,再释放基类资源. blog
b.第二段代码
#include<iostream> using namespace std; class ClxBase{ public: ClxBase() {}; ~ClxBase() {cout << "Output from the destructor of class ClxBase!" << endl;}; void DoSomething() { cout << "Do something in class ClxBase!" << endl; }; }; class ClxDerived : public ClxBase{ public: ClxDerived() {}; ~ClxDerived() { cout << "Output from the destructor of class ClxDerived!" << endl; }; void DoSomething() { cout << "Do something in class ClxDerived!" << endl; } }; int main(){ ClxBase *p = new ClxDerived; p->DoSomething(); delete p; return 0; }
输出结果:
Do something in class ClxBase!
Output from the destructor of class ClxBase!
这段代码中基类的析构函数一样不是虚函数,不一样的是在main函数中用基类的指针去操做继承类的成员,释放指针P的过程是:只是释放了基类的资源,而没有调用继承类的析构函数.调用 dosomething()函数执行的也是基类定义的函数.
通常状况下,这样的删除只可以删除基类对象,而不能删除子类对象,造成了删除一半形象,形成内存泄漏.
在公有继承中,基类对派生类及其对象的操做,只能影响到那些从基类继承下来的成员.若是想要用基类对非继承成员进行操做,则要把基类的这个函数定义为虚函数.
析构函数天然也应该如此:若是它想析构子类中的从新定义或新的成员及对象,固然也应该声明为虚的.
c.第三段代码:
#include<iostream> using namespace std; class ClxBase{ public: ClxBase() {}; virtual ~ClxBase() {cout << "Output from the destructor of class ClxBase!" << endl;}; virtual void DoSomething() { cout << "Do something in class ClxBase!" << endl; }; }; class ClxDerived : public ClxBase{ public: ClxDerived() {}; ~ClxDerived() { cout << "Output from the destructor of class ClxDerived!" << endl; }; void DoSomething() { cout << "Do something in class ClxDerived!" << endl; }; }; int main(){ ClxBase *p = new ClxDerived; p->DoSomething(); delete p; return 0; }
运行结果:
Do something in class ClxDerived!
Output from the destructor of class ClxDerived!
Output from the destructor of class ClxBase!
这段代码中基类的析构函数被定义为虚函数,在main函数中用基类的指针去操做继承类的成员,释放指针P的过程是:只是释放了继承类的资源,再调用基类的析构函数.调用dosomething()函数执行的也是继承类定义的函数.
若是不须要基类对派生类及对象进行操做,则不能定义虚函数,由于这样会增长内存开销.当类里面有定义虚函数的时候,编译器会给类添加一个虚函数表,里面来存放虚函数指针,这样就会增长类的存储空间.因此,只有当一个类被用来做为基类的时候,才把析构函数写成虚函数.