从一段代码谈起——浅谈JavaIO接口

：https://segmentfault.com/blog...

1.前言

前阵子休息天平常在寻找项目里很差的代码,看到了这样的一段代码:

private Result sshSameExec(Session session, String cmd) {
        if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
            log.debug("shell command: {}", cmd);
        }
        UserInfo ui = getUserInfo();
        session.setUserInfo(ui);
        int exitStatus = 0;
        StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
        ChannelExec channel;
        InputStream in;
        InputStream err;
        try {
            session.connect(connectTimeout);
            channel = (ChannelExec) session.openChannel("exec");
            channel.setCommand(cmd);
            in = channel.getInputStream();
            err = channel.getErrStream();
            channel.connect();
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw new CloudRuntimeException(e);
        }

        try {
            long lastRead = Long.MAX_VALUE;
            byte[] tmp = new byte[1024];
            while (true) {
                while (in.available() > 0 || err.available() > 0) {
                    int i = 0;
                    if (in.available() > 0) {
                        i = in.read(tmp, 0, 1024);
                    } else if (err.available() > 0) {
                        i = err.read(tmp, 0, 1024);
                    }
                    if (i < 0) {
                        break;
                    }
                    lastRead = System.currentTimeMillis();
                    builder.append(new String(tmp, 0, i));
                }
                if (channel.isClosed()) {
                    if (in.available() > 0) {
                        continue;
                    }
                    exitStatus = channel.getExitStatus();
                    break;
                }
                if (System.currentTimeMillis() - lastRead > exeTimeout) {
                    break;
                }
            }
        } catch (IOException e) {
            throw new CloudRuntimeException(e);
        } finally {
            channel.disconnect();
            session.disconnect();
        }

        if (0 != exitStatus) {
            return Result.createByError(ErrorData.builder()
                    .errorCode(ResultCode.EXECUTE_SSH_FAIL.getCode())
                    .detail(builder.toString())
                    .title(ResultCode.EXECUTE_SSH_FAIL.toString())
                    .build());
        } else {
            return Result.createBySuccess(builder.toString());
        }
    }

简单解释一下这段代码——即经过ssh到一台机器上,而后执行一些命令.对命令输出的东西,开了一个循环,每一次读必定的位置,而后以字节流的形式读回来.

这段代码有点丑,因而我闻到了学习的味道.

首先是对两个Stream的消费,很显然,在多核环境下,咱们同时也只可以消费其中一个Stream.其次,这代码太挫了,本身定义一个tmp,而后102四、1024这样的去取出来.

在改良以前,咱们先来回顾一下JavaIO的接口定义.

2.JavaIO 接口知识回顾

2.1 低级抽象接口:InputStream 和 OutputStream

这里有同窗可能问了,为啥叫它低抽象接口呢?由于它离底层太近了,计算机原本就是处理二进制的,而这两个接口正是用来处理二进制数据流的.

先简单看一眼这两个接口:

• InputStream

**
 * This abstract class is the superclass of all classes representing
 * an input stream of bytes.
 *
 * <p> Applications that need to define a subclass of <code>InputStream</code>
 * must always provide a method that returns the next byte of input.
 *
 * @author  Arthur van Hoff
 * @see     java.io.BufferedInputStream
 * @see     java.io.ByteArrayInputStream
 * @see     java.io.DataInputStream
 * @see     java.io.FilterInputStream
 * @see     java.io.InputStream#read()
 * @see     java.io.OutputStream
 * @see     java.io.PushbackInputStream
 * @since   JDK1.0
 */
public abstract class InputStream implements Closeable {.....}

• OutputStream

/**
 * This abstract class is the superclass of all classes representing
 * an output stream of bytes. An output stream accepts output bytes
 * and sends them to some sink.
 * <p>
 * Applications that need to define a subclass of
 * <code>OutputStream</code> must always provide at least a method
 * that writes one byte of output.
 *
 * @author  Arthur van Hoff
 * @see     java.io.BufferedOutputStream
 * @see     java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream
 * @see     java.io.DataOutputStream
 * @see     java.io.FilterOutputStream
 * @see     java.io.InputStream
 * @see     java.io.OutputStream#write(int)
 * @since   JDK1.0
 */
public abstract class OutputStream implements Closeable, Flushable {...}

咱们能够发现,它们都实现了Closeable的接口.所以你们在使用这些原生类时,要注意在结束时调用Close方法哦.

这两个接口的经常使用实现类有:
- FileInputStream和FileOutputStream

• DataInputStream和DataOutputStream
•  ObjectInputStream和ObjectOutputStream

2.2 高级抽象接口——Writer和Reader

为啥说它是高级抽象接口呢?咱们先来看看它们的注释:

• Writer

/**
 * Abstract class for writing to character streams.  The only methods that a
 * subclass must implement are write(char[], int, int), flush(), and close().
 * Most subclasses, however, will override some of the methods defined here in
 * order to provide higher efficiency, additional functionality, or both.
 *
 * @see Writer
 * @see   BufferedWriter
 * @see   CharArrayWriter
 * @see   FilterWriter
 * @see   OutputStreamWriter
 * @see     FileWriter
 * @see   PipedWriter
 * @see   PrintWriter
 * @see   StringWriter
 * @see Reader
 *
 * @author      Mark Reinhold
 * @since       JDK1.1
 */

public abstract class Writer implements Appendable, Closeable, Flushable {

• Reader

/**
 * Abstract class for reading character streams.  The only methods that a
 * subclass must implement are read(char[], int, int) and close().  Most
 * subclasses, however, will override some of the methods defined here in order
 * to provide higher efficiency, additional functionality, or both.
 *
 *
 * @see BufferedReader
 * @see   LineNumberReader
 * @see CharArrayReader
 * @see InputStreamReader
 * @see   FileReader
 * @see FilterReader
 * @see   PushbackReader
 * @see PipedReader
 * @see StringReader
 * @see Writer
 *
 * @author      Mark Reinhold
 * @since       JDK1.1
 */

public abstract class Reader implements Readable, Closeable {

咱们能够看到,这个抽象类是用来面向character的,也就是字符.字符的抽象等级必然比字节高,由于字符靠近上层,即人类.

2.3 优化输入和输出——Buffered

若是咱们直接使用上述实现类去打开一个文件(如FileWriter 、FileReader 、FileInputStream 、FileOutputStream ),对其对象调用read、write、readLine等,每一个请求都是由基础OS直接处理的,这会使一个程序效率低得多——由于它们都会引起磁盘访问or网络请求等.

为了减小这种开销，Java 平台实现缓冲 I/O 流。缓冲输入流从被称为缓冲区（buffer）的存储器区域读出数据;仅当缓冲区是空时，本地输入 API 才被调用。一样，缓冲输出流，将数据写入到缓存区，只有当缓冲区已满才调用本机输出 API。

用于包装非缓存流的缓冲流类有4个：BufferedInputStream和BufferedOutputStream·用于建立字节缓冲字节流, BufferedReader和BufferedWriter`用于建立字符缓冲字节流.

3. 着手优化

以前,咱们提到了这段代码写得搓的地方:

• 首先是对两个Stream的消费,很显然,在多核环境下,咱们同时也只可以消费其中一个Stream.
• 其次,这代码太挫了,本身定义一个tmp,而后102四、1024这样的去取出来.

故此,咱们能够考虑对每一个Stream都进行包装,支持用线程去消费,其次咱们能够用高级抽象分接口去适配Byte,而后去装饰成Buffer.

接下来,咱们来看一段ZStack里的工具类ShellUtils,为了节省篇幅,咱们仅仅截出它在IDE里的
概览:

run方法的核心:

public ShellResult run() {
            StopWatch watch = new StopWatch();
            watch.start();
            try {
                if (withSudo) {
                    command = String.format("sudo %s", command);
                }

                ProcessBuilder pb = new ProcessBuilder(Arrays.asList("/bin/bash", "-c", command));
                if (baseDir == null) {
                    baseDir = System.getProperty("user.home");
                }
                pb.directory(new File(baseDir));

                process = pb.start();
                if (!suppressTraceLog && logger.isTraceEnabled()) {
                    logger.debug(String.format("exec shell command[%s]", command));
                }

                Writer stdout;
                int stdoutLog = stdoutLogStrategy();
                if (stdoutLog == LOG_TO_FILE) {
                    stdout = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(stdoutFile));
                } else if (stdoutLog == LOG_TO_SCREEN) {
                    stdout = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(System.out));
                } else {
                    stdout = new StringWriter();
                }

                Writer stderr;
                int stderrLog = stderrLogStrategy();
                if (stderrLog == LOG_TO_FILE) {
                    stderr = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(stderrFile));
                } else if (stderrLog == LOG_TO_SCREEN) {
                    stderr = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(System.err));
                } else {
                    stderr = new StringWriter();
                }

                StreamConsumer stdoutConsumer = new StreamConsumer(process.getInputStream(), new PrintWriter(stdout, true), stdoutLog != LOG_TO_FILE);
                StreamConsumer stderrConsumer = new StreamConsumer(process.getErrorStream(), new PrintWriter(stderr, true), stderrLog != LOG_TO_FILE);

                stderrConsumer.start();
                stdoutConsumer.start();
                process.waitFor();
                stderrConsumer.join(TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(30));
                stdoutConsumer.join(TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(30));

                ShellResult ret = new ShellResult();
                ret.setCommand(command);
                ret.setRetCode(process.exitValue());
                if (stderrLog == LOG_TO_STRING) {
                    ret.setStderr(stderr.toString());
                } else if (stderrLog == LOG_TO_FILE) {
                    stderr.close();
                }
                if (stdoutLog == LOG_TO_STRING) {
                    ret.setStdout(stdout.toString());
                } else if (stdoutLog == LOG_TO_FILE) {
                    stdout.close();
                }

                return ret;
            } catch (Exception e) {
                StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
                sb.append("Shell command failed:\n");
                sb.append(command);
                throw new ShellException(sb.toString(), e);
            } finally {
                if (process != null) {
                    process.destroy();
                }
                watch.stop();
                if (!suppressTraceLog && logger.isTraceEnabled()) {
                    logger.trace(String.format("shell command[%s] costs %sms to finish", command, watch.getTime()));
                }
            }
        }
    }

咱们能够看到StreamConsumer这个类,咱们来看一下它的代码:

private static class StreamConsumer extends Thread {
        final InputStream in;
        final PrintWriter out;
        final boolean flush;

        StreamConsumer(InputStream in, PrintWriter out, boolean flushEveryWrite) {
            this.in = in;
            this.out = out;
            flush = flushEveryWrite;
        }

        @Override
        public void run() {
            BufferedReader br = null;
            try {
                br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(in));
                String line;
                while ( (line = br.readLine()) != null) {
                    out.println(line);
                    if (flush) {
                        out.flush();
                    }
                }
            } catch (Exception e) {
                logger.warn(e.getMessage(), e);
            } finally {
                try {
                    if (br != null) {
                        br.close();
                    }
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    logger.warn(e.getMessage(), e);
                }
            }
        }
    }

这段代码已经达到了咱们的理想状态:线程消费,高级抽象.

3.1 使用Kotlin

3.1.1 Kotlin IO

闲话很少说,先贴代码为敬:

import java.io.InputStream
import java.io.InputStreamReader

class StreamGobbler(private val inputStream: InputStream, private var result: StringBuilder) : Runnable {

    override fun run() {
        InputStreamReader(inputStream).buffered().use {
            it.lines().forEach { r -> result.append(r) }
        }
    }
}

仍是同样熟悉的配方,咱们逐行来解读:

1. 定义一个类,而且要求构造函数必须传入InputStream和一个StringBuilder.且实现了Runnable接口,这意味着它能够被线程消费.
2. 覆写run方法.咱们能够看到InputStream被适配成了InputStreamReader,这意味着它能够输出字符流了,而后咱们使用了Kotlin的接口将其装饰成了Buffer.
3. 读每一行buffer,并appned到result这个StringBuilder里去.
4. 读完就能够告辞了,close.(use会将其关闭)

3.1.2 Kotlin Coroutine

先看一下上面的图,咱们都知道内核态线程是由OS调度的,但当一个线程拿到时间片时,却调到了阻塞IO,那么只能等在那边,浪费时间.

而协程则能够解决这个问题,当一个Jobhang住的时候,能够去作别的事情,绕开阻塞.更好的利用时间片.

最后,咱们来看一下成品代码:

override fun sshExecWithCoroutine(session: Session, cmd: String): SimpleResult<out String> {
        val ui = InnerUserInfo()
        session.userInfo = ui
        val exitStatus: Int
        var channel = ChannelExec()
        val inputBuilder = StringBuilder()
        val errorBuilder = StringBuilder()
        try {
            session.connect(connectTimeout)
            channel = session.openChannel("exec") as ChannelExec
            channel.setCommand(cmd)
            channel.connect()
            val inputStream = StreamGobbler(channel.inputStream, inputBuilder)
            val errStream = StreamGobbler(channel.errStream, errorBuilder)

            val customJob = GlobalScope.launch {
                customStream(inputStream, errStream)
            }

            while (!customJob.isCompleted) {
                // wait job be done
            }

            exitStatus = channel.exitStatus
        } catch (e: IOException) {
            throw java.lang.RuntimeException(e)
        } finally {
            if (channel.isConnected) {
                channel.disconnect()
            }
            if (session.isConnected) {
                session.disconnect()
            }
        }

        return if (0 != exitStatus) {
            return SimpleResult.createByError(ErrorData.Builder()
                    .errorCode(ResultCode.EXECUTE_SSH_FAIL.value)
                    .detail(errorBuilder.toString())
                    .title(ResultCode.EXECUTE_SSH_FAIL.toString())
                    .build())

        } else {
            SimpleResult.createBySuccess(inputBuilder.toString())
        }
    }


    private suspend fun customStream(inputStream: StreamGobbler, errorStream: StreamGobbler) {
        val inputDeferred = GlobalScope.async {
            inputStream.run()
        }
        val errorDeferred = GlobalScope.async {
            errorStream.run()
        }

        inputDeferred.join()
        errorDeferred.join()
    }